INDIAN NOTES AND MONOGRAPHS E51 .1392 vol.2 no. I NMAT A SERIES OF PUBLICA- TIONS RELATING TO THE AMERICAN ABORIGINES VOL. II, No. 1 NEW YORK MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN HEYE FOUNDATION 1919 Publications of the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation THE GEORGE G. HEYE EXPEDITION CONTRIBUTIONS TO SOUTH AMER- ICAN ARCHEOLOGY Vol. 1 The Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador: A Pre- liminary Report. By Marshall H. Saville. 1907. $25.00. Vol. 2 The Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador: Final Report. By Marshall H. Saville. 1910. $25.00. CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN, HEYE FOUNDATION Vol. 1 No. I : Lucayan Artifacts from the Bahamas. By Theodoor de Booy. Reprinted from Amer. AnthropoL, Vol. 15, 1913, No. i. 50c. No. 2: Precolumbian Decoration of the Teeth in Ecuador, with some Account of the Oc- currence of the Custom in other parts of North and South America. By Marshall H. Saville. Reprinted from Amer, Anihropol.y Vol. 15, 1913, No. 3. 50c. No. 3: Certain Kitchen-middens in Jamaica. By Theodoor de Booy. Reprinted from Amer. AnthropoL, Vol. 15, 1913, No. 3. {Re- printed^ igiQ,) 50C. No. 4: Porto Rican Elbow-stones in the Heye Museum, with discussion of similar objects elsewhere. By J. Walter Fewkes. Reprinted from Amer, AnthropoL, Vol. 15, 1913, No. 3. 50c. INDIAN NOTES AND MONOGRAPHS A SERIES OF PUBLICA- TIONS RELATING TO THE AMERICAN ABORIGINES VOL. II, No. 1 NEW YORK MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN HEYE FOUNDATION 1919 This series of Indian Notes and Monographs is devoted primarily to the publication of the results of studies by members of the staff of the Mu- seum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, and is uniform with His- panic Notes and Monographs, pub- lished by the Hispanic Society of America, with which organization this Museum is in cordial cooperation. THE PRE-IROOUOIAN ALGONKIAN INDIANS OF CENTRAL AND WESTERN NEW YORK BY ALANSON B. SKINNER CONTENTS Introduction 7 How Algonkian Criteria have been Deter- mined 8 Types of Sites and their Location 9 Types of Artifacts 14 Pottery 14 Pipes 23 Stonework 25 Native Copper 31 Bone and Antler 32 Mica 34 Shell 34 Notes 36 INDIAN NOTES II THE PRE-IROQUOIAN ALGONKIAN INDIANS OF CENTRAL AND WESTERN NEW YORK By Alanson B. Skinner INTRODUCTION T has long been a matter of com- mon knowledge that the Iro- quoian tribes found in posses- sion of the region roughly outlined as central and western New York were relatively recent comers in that area. Remains of inhabitants of more remote periods and of'different cultures have been discovered, yet up to the present time the origin of these peoples and the culture groups into which their relics fall have been in doubt. It is the purpose of this brief article to show that one of these cultures was Algonkian, and to point out certain criteria by which sites of Algon- kian origin may be identified. INDIAN NOTES II NEW YORK ALGONKIANS That there is a genuine need for such criteria is proved by two important art- icles on the Iroquois by two of the fore- most students of the area, Messrs Parker and Houghton,^ both of whom voice a de- sire for further knowledge in this direction. As the writer is familiar with the arch- eology of the Algonkian tribes east and south of the territory under discussion and has had the good fortune to explore a number of Algonkian sites on the Sen- eca river in Cayuga county, New York, the heart of the historic Iroquois coun- try, for the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, he will at- tempt to supply the desired data. The following constant features of known Algonkian culture may be desig- nated as criteria for the determination and classification of any given site as Algonkian. HOW ALGONKIAN CRITERIA HAVE BEEN DETERMINED There are certain definite areas known to have been occupied by Algonkian II INDIAN NOTES TYPES OF SITES tribes at the time of the arrival of the whites, and to have been retained by the same people during the period of coloni- zation. Archeological research has shown that, by comparison of the remains, their culture may be traced from known his- toric sites, with traces of European con- tact, to prehistoric sites in which these traces are lacking and yet where the ab- original artifacts are identical. Two such pure Algonkian regions are (i) coastal New York, including Long Island, and adjacent New England, and (2) the entire states of New Jersey and Delaware. It is therefore safe to assume that a selected series of remains from typical sites in this region will afford criteria for comparison with anomalous material found in the Iroquois country. TYPES OF SITES AND THEIR LOCATION Unlike that of the prehistoric Iroquois, the typical Algonkian village-site is found on a gently sloping knoll facing the south, with fresh water nearby; or it may occur on a bluff along a stream; again, it may AND MONOGRAPHS 10 NEW YORK ALGONKIANS be on a point at the junction of two streams; nor were the occupants at all averse to residing on the level flats in a river valley, or at the head or foot of a lake. I know of but one site, among hundreds examined, that* is situated on a hilltop, as are so many prehistoric Iro- quois forts. This is at Castleton, on the Hudson, a few miles south of Albany, New York. This is an early historic Mahican village with strong traces of Mohawk influence. Earthworks are known, and palisaded forts were stormed by the English and Dutch in Connecticut and on Long Is- land; but they are so rare that they may be considered as exceptional. The great shellheaps so characteristic of the tidewater Algonkian settlements are of course a matter of environment. In the interior their place is taken by oc- casional deposits of Unio shells, and more often by kitchen-middens composed of blackened earth and camp refuse, similar, except in contents, to those of the Iro- quois, only, as they avoided hilltop sites. II INDIAN NOTES REFUSE-HEAPS 11 side-hill refuse dumps do not occur. Also, as a rule, the midden-refuse layers are much thinner than those of the Iro- quois, and bespeak a shorter occupancy or fewer people, or both. The Algon- kian country seems to have had few great permanent centers, like the Iroquois towns, though such do occur at Trenton, on Cohansey creek, and at Minisink, New Jersey; at Tottenville, Staten Is- land; on Long Island; at Inwood on Manhattan Island, and in some places along the Hudson. The rest of their territory seems to have been populated by roving bands. The ash-pit (on the coast its place is usually taken by the shell-pit) and the refuse-hole occur in abundance, and gen- erally contain finer artifacts than the middens. These pits average three feet in depth and three to six feet in diameter. Many show traces leading one to believe that fires had been kindled in the bottom; others contain skeletons, and were pre- sumably originally fire-pits in which the dead were later interred. AND MONOGRAPHS 12 NEW YORK ALGONKIANS Most Algonkian sites are placed upon sandy ground. This rule is almost un- varying near the coast, where sand was easily found. The Indians thus secured better drainage and more workable land. The rock-shelter was the common camping place in the mountains. Here an overhanging ledge or shallow cave, generally facing south and near fresh water, was the desideratum, and hun- dreds were utilized. They are almost unknown, at or least unreported, in the Iroquois country. Cemeteries, as such, are scarce near the coast; elsewhere they are usually near the villages, and generally on a sandy knoll. The burials are, as a rule, only three or four feet deep, and nearly always contain flexed skeletons. Two regular exceptions are found, as in the case of bundle burials, where the bones were gathered and deposited after the body had been exposed until the flesh was gone, and, in historic cemeteries, the bodies are oiften at length on the back, generally with traces of cofiins. No great ''bone- II INDIAN NOTES MORTUARY OBJECTS 13 pits," or ossuaries, have ever been re- ported, though double or triple burials are occasionally noted, and the writer once discovered half a dozen bodies bun- dled together in a grave on northern Staten Island. Dogs are quite generally interred with some care in the cemeteries, sometimes with human remains, in this case as though they had been killed that their spirits might accompany their mas- ters. In all the area under consideration, in which scores of burial places have been opened, probably not more than half a dozen have yielded artifacts with the dead. The best known of these are at Minisink, New Jersey, and at Totten- ville, Staten Island, the former being an historic site and under strong Iroquois influence. The objects, when found, are usually at the head, shoulders, or hips. There is no fixed orientation of the bur- ials. Quarries, where argillite, jasper, and quartz were obtained, are known on the Delaware river in New Jersey and east- AND MONOGRAPHS 14 NEW YORK ALGONKIANS ern Pennsylvania, and in Westchester county, New York. TYPES OF ARTIFACTS Pottery, โ€” The archaic form of Algon- kian pottery, and one which persisted long after the coming of Iroquois influ- ence, is the well-known pointed-bottom variety, which needs no further descrip- tion here. It is found along the coast from Virginia to Maine, and its presence on certain non-Iroquoian sites in central New York, and even in Canada, is well established. Christopher Wren^ shows vessels of this type in his plates i, 2, 3, and 24, and Willoughby^ figures a num- ber from New England, especially from Maine. A similar vessel, obtained at Fort Erie, Ontario, is in the collection of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. Another typical Algonkian vessel โ€” a variant of the pointed-base type, but with the bottom restored in conformity with other vessels found on the same site โ€” was obtained by the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, from II INDIAN NOTES POTTERY FiG. I. โ€” Large Algonkian jar from Owasco Lake Park, Auburn, N. Y. was found at a site in Auburn, at the foot of Owasco lake; it is quite characteristic AND MONOGRAPHS 15 the late Dr B. I. Buckland. This great vessel (55 inches in rim circumference) 16 NEW YORK ALGONKIANS of certain Algonkian forms (fig. i), and though the Iroquois often made large vessels, the Algonkian tribes, poorer pot- FiG. 2. โ€” Algonkian potsherds from near Athens, Pa. ters though they were, surpassed them in this respect. II INDIAN NOTES POTTERY A third pure Algonkian type is shown in fig. 2. The fragments of these recep- tacles were found on an Algonkian camp- site on the banks of the Susquehanna, near Athens, Pennsylvania, and some- what similar sherds and vessels came from the Munsee cemetery at Montague, New Jersey, and the Owasco Lake site in Cayuga county. New York. Similar sherds are found throughout New Jersey and on Long Island. The later Algonkian settlements lying within range of Iroquois war-parties soon felt their influence. Escaped prisoners or free sojourners in the country of the Five Nations learned something from their conquerors, and accordingly we find on later prehistoric and historic sites, pottery of decided eastern Iroquois type. Fig. 3 exhibits some sherds from Morris- ania. Borough of the Bronx, New York City, in the Museum's collection, the gift of Messrs Bolton and Calver. They are truly typical of the modified form. This type does not appear in central New Jer- sey, nor on eastern Long Island, local- AND MONOGRAPHS 17 I. N. M. II, I. 18 NEW^YORKALGONKIANS ities remote from Iroquois war-trails. It was common on the Montague site, and Fig. 3. โ€” Sherds of sub-Iroquois vessels from Morrisania, Bronx, New York City. the writer strongly suspects that some of the vessels from Pennsylvania, figured by II INDIAN NOTES POTTERY ANDSTEATITE Wren,^ were made by Munsee Delawares.^ No western Iroquois, Seneca, Erie, Neu- tral, or Huron types occur, though Wil- loughby^ figures some from New England, which was overrun by Canadian savages, including the Huron, during the time of the French and Indian wars. On the other hand, the writer has not seen any of this modified Iroquoian pot- tery from an Algonkian site in central New York, nor is it to be expected. When the Iroquois entered New York, they ex- pelled their predecessors (we say prede- cessors, for all known central New York Algonkian sites are purely prehistoric), who departed so hastily under this hostile pressure that the culture of their aggres- sors was not impressed on their own. It may be added that the steatite dish, oblong, shallow, and with small knobs or handles at the ends, is an Algonkian arti- fact, and occurs throughout their range. Fragments were found at the Mud Lock site in Cayuga, New York, by the writer. This form is non-Iroquoian. In decoration we find the Algonkians AND MONOGRAPHS 20 NEW YORK ALGONKIANS partial to stamped designs, although at Trenton, New Jersey, and on eastern Long Island, their vessels bear bold, free- hand, angular, incised ornaments. They favored the chevron and herring-bone patterns, and never (with a single Staten Island exception, where raised conven- tional human faces are found on a jar from Mariner's Harbor) produced life forms. On modified Iroquois or sub- Iroquois vessels human faces were some- times indicated by lines, dots, or circles, on the angles of vessels in imitation of the Mohawk-Onondaga. These latter ves- sels were nearly always decorated with incised angular patterns copied from the Iroquois, but sometimes stamps of antler, bone, or wood (one of the former was found at Glen Cove, Long Island, by Mr Harrington), were employed to give a more conventional effect, and sometimes natural stamps โ€” the edges of clam- or scallop-shells โ€” -were utilized. Designs produced by the cord-wrapped stick are exceedingly common throughout the pure Algonkian area, and they occur II INDIAN NOTES POTTERY DECORATION 21 alike at Owasco lake, Mud Lock, and Rowlands island (all in Cayuga county. New York), along the shores of the St Lawrence in Jefferson county, and at Fort Erie, Ontario. As an Iroquois type of design, this is not at all typical โ€” in fact it is almost unknown. The Algon- kians also marked much of their pottery with a fabric-wrapped paddle. Another typical Algonkian form of dec- oration, but found more commonly in western New York and in Ontario than on the coast, was produced by punching with a small stick in the plastic clay be- fore firing, making a round hole on one side and a small hemispherical boss on the other. Algonkian pottery is always decorated on the rim, the designs sometimes, even frequently, extending down the outer side. The interior of the rim is some- times slightly ornamented, but this em- bellishment does not extend downward for more than an inch or two. Although, in common with the Iro- quoian peoples, the Algonkians used the AND MONOGRAPHS 1 22 NEW YORK ALGONKIANS coil process in constructing vessels, they seem to have preferred to temper the clay with burnt and pounded shell than with stone similarly treated. Fig. 4. โ€” Slightly bent, tubular, clay, Algonkian pipe from Wysox, Pa. The Algonkian tribes did not place pot- tery with their dead, as a rule. In fact, II INDIAN NOTES PIPES mortuary vessels are reported only from the historic cemeteries at Minisink and from Pelham Bay Park, and from two or three localities on Long Island. In mid- dens and pits pottery is abundant. Pipes. โ€” As a pipe-maker the Algon- kian did not equal the Iroquois. The typical earthenware pipe of New Jersey and coastal New York Indians was either a simple straight tube, expanding a little at the bowl, or the bowl was bent slightly upward, perhaps as much as thirty-five degrees. A straight, tubular pipe of steatite is in the Museum's collections from Manhattan Island. In western New York a more angular type occurs as well. Fig. 4 shows a slightly bent tubular pipe in the Museum's collection from a fire-pit at Wysox, Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna. It is decidedly non-Iroquoian. In stone the Algonkians used especially the monitor pipe with flat and thin base. This type of pipe is not at all like the so- called ''monitor pipe" of the mounds, and never bears an effigy. Fig. 5 shows 23 AND MONOGRAPHS 24 NEW YORK ALGONKIANS an example from Wolfe island in the St Lawrence, now in the collection of the Museum. Similar pipes come from Staten Island, Long Island, New Jersey, and Connecticut. A human face of clay, broken from an effigy pipe, was found by Mr Harrington Fig. 5. โ€” Platform pipe from Wolfe ishnd, St Lawrence river. at Port Washington, Long Island; and a clay effigy pipe of Iroquoian type was found by Messrs Pepper and Heye at Minisink, New Jersey.^ These three pipes, and a fragment of what may have been a bird-effigy pipe from Watchogue, II INDIAN NOTES PIPES โ€” STONEWORK 25 in the collection of the Staten Island Asso- ciation of Arts and Sciences, stand alone, and all show Iroquois influence; indeed the Minisink pipe may be of Iroquois origin. The pottery pipes of the Algonkians are all short, rarely exceeding three or four inches. Their stone pipes are larger, one platform pipe from Staten Island being 9^/2 inches in length. What Mr Parker has aptly said about the vast difference between Iroquoian stone and earthen- ware pipes is also generally true of those of the Algonkians. Without knowing the circumstances of their finding, no one would ascribe them to the same makers. A few stone bowl pipes, intended for use with reed stems, have been reported. In contradistinction to the pipes of the Iro- quois, those of the Algonkians, both whole and broken, are exceedingly rare on all types of sites. Stonework. โ€” The grooved axe was the typical chopping tool of the Algonkians on the coast and in New Jersey. They also used the grooved maul, grooved adze, gouge, and celt. AND MONOGRAPHS 1 26 NEW YORK ALGONKIANS While the grooved axe does not com- monly occur on Algonkian sites in west- ern New York, it is not unknown, al- though the celt seems to be far more abundant. The same may be said of the grooved adze. On the other hand, the gouge is rather more abundant than on the coast. The writer found it very common along Seneca river, north of Cayuga lake, and obtained specimens in the midden at Mud Lock, an example of which is illustrated in pi. iv, a, of the paper pertaining to that site. Of the celt, little need be said, except that it is less angular in cross-section; it resembles the Iroquoian implement, al- though the small, celt-like objects so com- mon on Iroquoian sites (many diminu- tive examples, perhaps pottery gravers, have been found at the palisaded Iro- quois fort at Locke), do not commonly occur. Grooved net-sinkers are characteristic. They occur throughout New Jersey and coastal New York, and have been gath- ered along Seneca river, especially at II INDIAN NOTES CHIPPED STONE 27 Mud Lock. Flat, notched, river pebbles, also used as sinkers, are common to both cultures. In projectile points and allied arti- facts, while the Algonkians knew and used the triangular arrowpoint, there are reasons for believing that the coastal Al- gonkians and those of New Jersey em- ployed it only in war. It is less common than the notched forms, and those re- ported to have been found in and among human bones on Staten, Manhattan, and Long islands, are exclusively of this var- iety, when not of bone or antler. In contradistinction to the Iroquois, Al- gonkian triangles are heavier, broader, and more apt to be cut in at the base, often having one side or barb longer than the other. In central New York, notched and stemmed points are one criterion of Algon- kian culture, although Mr Parker found triangular ones almost exclusively at the Owasco Lake site. The vast majority of the points at Mud Lock on Seneca river and on adjacent sites were notched or AND MONOGRAPHS 28 NEWYORKALGONKIANS stemmed. The Algonkians also made a great variety of chipped forms, including drills, knives, and large ''spear-points," all of which are common on their sites. It may be said here that, like most other students of archeology, the writer has observed the Iroquois distaste, for stoneworking. This is not true of the Algonkians, who reveled in stonework of every variety, but were poor in fashion- ing bone and antler, in which the Iro- quois excelled. One may expect to find that stone articles preponderate over those of bone and antler on all Algonkian sites, in both number and quality. The Algonkian Indians made the beau- tiful polished stone tubes, banner-stones, double-holed gorgets (they also used the singly perforated pendant), and bird- stones. These objects are known throughout the regions determined as pure Algonkian. They are constant fea- tures, and therefore are found on Algon- kian sites in the Iroquois country. Bird- stones, for example, are especially abun- dant on the Ontario peninsula; they occur II INDIAN NOTES STONEWORK 29 also along Seneca river and in Westches- ter county, in New Jersey, and in Con- necticut, as also do stone tubes, banner- stones, and gorgets. Granted that occasional polished slates, etc., are reported from Iroquois sites, it must still be admitted that, if the col- lectors are sure of their data, anything may be expected on late historic Iro- quois sites, where whole villages were made up of foreign captives, as at Squakie Hill, colonized by Muskw^aki, or Fox, an Algonkian tribe. Even so, such anom- alies are rare. A grooved axe in the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, was found in a Neutral grave on the shores of Lake Medad, On- tario. It is of a type common in Mich- igan, the distinctive feature of which is projections at the grooves on each side, and we know historically that the Neu- ters warred on the Algonkians of Michi- gan, bringing back numerous captives. The scrapers of the Algonkians were plain chips with fine secondary working, or points and butts of arrowheads re- AND MONOGRAPHS 30 NEWYORKALGONKIANS chipped and often showing the notched or stemmed bases of the originals. Ser- rated scrapers are almost unknown, al- though common enough among some of the western Iroquois. The long stone pestle is Algonkian, and is found in every part of their range, but the bell-pestle is absent. The shallow stone mortar, often hollowed on both sides, is also Algonkian, but the pitted hammerstone was shared with other cul- tures. Stone heads of life-size depicting human features, made by some of the coast Al- gonkians, are found in New Jersey, east- ern Pennsylvania, and New York, but apparently were not made by the central New York people. They may be con- sidered a peculiarly Lenape, or Delaware, feature. This is true also of small stone pendants with the human face carved in relief or etched upon them. Engraved stones, sherds, or bones, with figures of men or animals incised thereon, are char- acteristic of the New Jersey and Long Island natives. That they are common II INDIAN NOTES COPPER OBJECTS 31 in central and western New York is doubtful. The stone "plummet," while more abundant in New England, seems to be rather frequently found throughout the Algonkian range. Native Copper. โ€” That all the Algon- kians had native copper, although very sparingly, there seems to be no question. The celt, knife, awl, and bead are all known, and from every part of their country. The writer found what ap- peared to be a bow-guard of no short, tubular, beads, rolled from thinly ham- mered native copper, on the left wrist of a skeleton exhumed at Mud Lock. These beads differ in no manner from similar specimens from eastern Long Is- land. A native copper spear found near Kipps island in Seneca river, near Mon- tezuma, is another typical example. Native copper is not found on prehistoric Iroquois sites. The Museum possesses a gorget, beads, celts, and an awl from Hewlett, Long Island, and an adze from Croton point on the Hudson. AND MONOGRAPHS 32 II NEWYORKALGONKIANS Bone and Antler. โ€” Bone awls are fairly common, and generally very poorly made, often mere pointed bone slivers. Bone fish-hooks are exceedingly scarce. A single specimen was obtained by the writer in a shell-pit on the site of the Si- wanoy village of Snakapins on Clasons point, Bronx, New York City,^ and an- other has been reported by Tooker from Long Island.^ Bone beads are almost absent, at least in coastal New York and in New Jersey, only one typical specimen being known. Two bone combs have been reported from sites on the upper Delaware that had been under Iroquois influence. Bone scrapers or reaming tools cut from the metapodial bone of the deer or the elk are found everywhere, though never abundantly. Occasionally a needle with a central perforation is encountered, but cylinders of antler, used for chipping stone points, are common. Fairly numer- ous also are cups of tortoise-shell, and, less frequently, rattles of the same mate- rial have been noted. Specimens of both INDIAN NOTES BONE AND ANTLER 33 the latter were found at Mud Lock in Cayuga, and cups are recorded from Staten and Long islands, Manhattan Island, and the Borough of the Bronx, among other places. The tips of antler tines were cut off and hollowed out to make conical arrow- heads, and others, flat and triangular, or conical, were made of bone; but these are objects known also to the Iroquois. Harpoons are all but unknown in coastal New York and New Jersey, one, of a single-barbed, perforated type, being in our collections from Manhattan Is- land; but they were found at Mud Lock, Cayuga, in graves and middens, and Mr Parker recovered them from the Owasco Lake site. Algonkian harpoons resem- ble Iroquoian forms. With a few minor exceptions this closes the list of Algonkian bonework, insignif- icant when compared with the great ar- ray of Iroquoian bone and antler arti- facts. The writer alone has found in one season's digging on the famous Erie site at Ripley, more specimens of bone and AND MONOGRAPHS I. N. M. โ€” II, 3 34 NEW YORK ALGONKIANS antler than he has gathered in ten years' work in coastal New York and New Jer- sey together. On the other hand, bone material is much more abundant on the Algonkian sites in central and western New York, possibly because hunting was better there. Human bone seems never to have been utilized at all by the Algon- kians, although it was not infrequently used by the Iroquois. Mica. โ€” Plates of mica, often bearing incised figures, are found throughout Al- gonkian territory, though nowhere are they common. There is a fine specimen from Shinnecock hills, Long Island, in the New York State Museum at Albany, bearing a figure of a mythical serpent- like monster. Others, though plain, come from Staten Island, and the writer found one in a grave at Mud Lock, Cayuga. Shell. โ€” Although dwelling in a region where abundant shell was to be had, from which ornaments could be made, and bearing a reputation as expert shellwork- ers, the Algonkians left very few shell II INDIAN NOTES SHELL OBJECTS 35 objects. Casual specimens, as tubes, beads, gorgets, and cups, have been reported, especially from Long Island and Westchester county. The best shell objects known are figured in the article on Minisink by Messrs Heye and Pepper.^ At this site were unearthed some splendid effigy gorgets, principally bird forms. As before mentioned, Minisink is historic, and shows great Iroquois influence. As on the coast, central and western New York Algonkian sites do not yield shell objects in quantity, but an incal- culable number, if we include wampum beads, have been obtained from old Iro- quois villages and cemeteries. This concludes a brief summary of Al- gonkian criteria in contrast with those of the Iroquoian tribes intended for the guidance of the field-worker. In an- other article, on a prehistoric site at Mud Lock, Cayuga, New York, ^ may be found an example of the application of these criteria to a site hitherto supposed to be Iroquoian, but which fulfills the AND MONOGRAPHS 36 NEW YORK ALGONKIANS conditions given above as constant Al- gonkian factors. NOTES I a. Parker, A. C. The Origin of the Iroquois as suggested by their Archeology. Amer- ican Anthropologist, N. s., vol. i8, no. 4, October-December, 1916, p. 479. lb. Houghton, F. W. The Characteristics of Iroquoian \^illage Sites of Western New York. American Anthropologist, n. s., vol. 18, no. 4, October-December, 1916, p. 508. 2. Wren, Christopher. A Study of North Ap- palachian Indian Pottery. Plymouth, Pa., 1914. 3. WiLLOUGHBY, C. C. Pottcry of the New Eng- land Indians. Putnam Anniversary Vol- ume, pp. 100, loi, figs. 15, I7ยป 18, New York, 1909. 4. Heye, George G., and Pepper, George H. Exploration of a Munsee Cemetery near Montague, New Jersey. Contributions from the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, vol. 11, no. i, 1915. 5. Skinner, Alanson. Exploration of Abor- iginal Sites at Throgs Neck and Clasons Point, New York City. Contributions from the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, vol. v, no. 4, 1919. II INDIAN NOTES NOTES 37 6. Beauchamp, William M. Horn and Bone Implements of the New York Indians. Bulletin 30, New York State Museum, fig. 209, p. 307, Albany, 1902. 7. Skinner, Alanson B. An Ancient Algonkian Fishing Village at Cayuga, New York. Indian Notes and Monographs, vol. 11, no. 2, New York, 1919. AND MONOGRAPHS 1 No. 5: Note on the Archeology of Chiriqui. By George Grant gMacCurdy. Reprinted from AmerJ AnthropoLf Vol. 15, 1913, No. 4. 50c. No. 6: Petroglyphs of Saint Vincent, British West Indies. By Thomas Huckerby. Re- printed from Amer. AnthropoL^ Vol. 16, 1914. No. 2. 50C. No. 7: Prehistoric Objects from a Shell-heap at Erin Bay, Trinidad. By J . Walter Fewkes. Reprinted from Amer, Anthropol,, Vol. 16, 1914, No. 2. 50c. No, 8: Relations of Aboriginal Culture and En- vironment in the Lesser Antilles. By J. Walter Fewkes. Reprinted from Bull, Amer, Geogr, SoCf Vol. 46, 1914, No. 9. 50c. No. 9 : Pottery from Certain Caves in Eastern Santo Domingo, West Indies. By Theo- door de Booy. Reprinted from Amer, An- thropol.j Vol. 17, 1915, No. i. 50c. Vol. 2 No. I : Exploration of a Munsee Cemetery near Montague, New Jersey. By George G. Heye and George H. Pepper. 1915. $1.00. No. 2 : Engraved Celts from the Antilles. By J. Walter Fewkes. 1915. 50c. No. 3 : Certain West Indian Superstitions Per- taining to Celts. By Theodoor de Booy. Reprinted from Journ, Amer, Folk-Lore, Vol. 28, No. 107, 1915. 50C. No. 4: The Nanticoke Community of Dela- ware. By Frank G. Speck. 1915. $1.00. No. 5: Notes on the Archeology of Margarita Island, Venezuela. By Theodoor de Booy. 1916. 50C. No. 6: Monolithic Axes and Their Distribution in Ancient America. By Marshall H. Saville. 1916. 50C. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES 3 9088 01142 8356 Vol. 3 Physical Anthropology of the Lenape or Dela- wares, and of the Eastern Indians in Gen- eral. By Ales Hrdlicka. {Bur, of Amer, EthnoL, Bull, 62, 191 6, with added title-page and cover.) $1.00. Vol. 4 No. i: The Technique of Porcupine-Quill Decoration among the North American In- dians. By William C. Orchard. 1916. $1.00. No. 2 : ^ Certain Archeological Investigations in Trinidad, British West Indies. By Theo- door de Booy. Reprinted from Amer, An- thropol,^ Vol. 19, 1917, No. 4. 50c. No. 3 : The Nacoochee Mound in Georgia. By George G.^Heye, F. W. Hodge, and George H. Pepper. 1918. $1.50. Vol. 5 No. I : A Letter of Pedro de Alvarado Relating to His Expedition to Ecuador [1534]. By Marshall H. Saville. 191 7. 50c. No. 2 : The Diegueiio Ceremony of the Death- Images. By E. H. Davis. 1919. 50c. No. 3: Certain Mounds in Haywood County, North Carolina. By George G. Heye. Re- printed from Holmes Anniversary Volume , 1916. 1919. 50C. No. 4: Exploration of Aboriginal Sites at Throgs Neck and Clasons Point, New York City. By Alanson Skinner. 1919. $1.00. Address: Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, Broadway at 155TH St., New York City.