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THE
JOURNAL
OF THE
BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY
INDEX AND TITLE PAGE
VOL. XXXVI NOS. 1 & 2 Price oe Rs. 2-4-0.
Zan way = .
2 \
(JAN 23 M4 Hy
yp 304029 :
MADRAS mm ‘Kees
PRINTED AT THE D10oCcESAN PRESS 1933
INSTRUCTIONS TO BINDER
The contents of these two parts should be arranged in the following order when they are being bound :— Title page = BS any Contents of Nos. 1 and2 of Vol. XXXVI
List of Contributors Yo follow frontis-
List of Plates ... Mee ie | 2 Index to Illustrations = piece in this order. Errata 5 se soe
Index of Species en
List of Office Bearers, ) To go at the end of
Life Members and Members two numbers.
THE
JOURNAL
OF THE
BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY
EDITED BY
SIR REGINALD SPENCE, Kt., M.L.C., J.P., S. H. PRATER, C.M.Z.S., M.L.C., J.P. & C. MCCANN, F.L.S.
VOL. XXXVI
Nos. 1 & 2
Containing 18 Coloured Plates, 47 Black and White Plates, 31 Text-figures, and 1 Map.
Dates of Publication
Part I. (Pages I1to291) .,. 15th November, 1932. IH. ( 4 293t0 520) ... 15th April, 1933.
99
LONDON AGENTS DULAU & CO., Ltd., 32, Old Bond Street, London, W.I.
eae
PRINTED AT THE DIOCESAN PRESS, MADRAS 1933
~4 ! _— Li A N >) 7 10: jp
COND EN IES! OF OL ONLE DOO. No. 1
PAGE THE GAME BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. ype Ce SiC IBA Reins 4125, Cts, 18 VF Sioy 18g) Goan, WG) OhIUog 1861 9a OnE Part XVIII. (With a coloured plate) of Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilts, Wood Sandpiper 7rixga glareola and GiscempoanGolpen 77700 @ CCNVOPNUS. 201 sae dances sce seus vas 1 REVISION OF THE FLORA OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. IB? 1B), ISIS, Sating EID, dS. Teena DG (Uae 2 (DUDS ee SOBER TREO SLED BOR CAIRN CO a ETE rT 1) GAME FISHES OF BOMBAY, THE DECCAN AND THE NEIGHBOUR- ING DISTRICTS OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. By Sir INeoinaldi opencen Kay, (MeL«C., “h«AS., J.P. Ande oe ble JERENSIE,, Wie Soe Vinal) Wicl2e (With LD PUALES a anon st 29 THE VERNAY SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF THE Pctea Guat (Ornithological section). By Hugh Whistler, m.B.0.U.,
assisted by IN. b; Kinnear, w.B.o.u. Part 11)...2;...0.1.-0 4s 67 THE ANDAMAN SHELL FISHERY. By S. B. Setna, M.Sc., OOS (VA: DUDA) aortas boon bee BEE COO RHEE HAE BeOS a senor 94.
THE BLACK AND BROWN BEARS OF HUROPE AND i By hla Pocock) HRs, sPart Il, (W272) 2 plates and 12 text-figures.) .. Ba IS BRR BOO Oe Bee a ramen 08 SoME BEAUTIFUL increas aT RReee By E. Blatter, s.5., ph.p., F.L.S., and W. 8. Millard, F.z.s. Part X. (With 1 coloured
NOC, Jl WUTC Cel LCBO UOTE Chae), ZOE OOS Norm copocncho, LASS INDIAN DRAGONFLIES. By Lt.-Col, F. C. Fraser, I.M.s., F.E.S.
ita Oe VAs Se CCU Lt U0 CS) terested ae kde tans datesaneeccene -) Lok NoTEs ON INDIAN BATRACHIANS. By C. McCann, F.L.S.
(With 10 plates and 2 text-figures.)... sneigeveainess 2 MAMMALS OF THE SUYDAM CUTTING Sear Peee Erion.
By Colin Campbell Sanborn.. at Suit TO THE HoOT-WEATHER FERNS’ OF EAN aey eri By
Repel nine Co Ital. ©1694 EIS. 9.5 seie, .ctiascsinetes state tee) , (188
THE BUTTERFLIES OF BALUCHISTAN. By _ Brigadier Wile sais 1C.S.ls,. Cis, Ds6.O..8 F.ROG.S-.1F.Z.S., F.E.S2) . 196 FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE FRESHWATER MEDUSA. (Limnocnida indica, Annandale.) By H. Srinivasa IO; M.Ae DSC (MUL @, Plate and A 1eXt-172UVE)\iak.e.ss-... 210
iv CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXXVI
PAGE \/EARTH-FATING AND SALT-LICKING IN INpIA. By J. F. Caius; $:3., P.L.8., and K. H. Bharteha. BA) Bseaw 218 OBITUARY. “Chomas Burcess: Fry )1850-19si eee Doe An APPEAL TO ANGLERS. By Ae Macdonald...) 226 REVIEWS :— 1. HAND-LIST TO THE BIRDS OF SAMOA........... weal) 2. HAND-LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN CHINA. 227 o: “ELE URED DEE OF MiGRATIONS.csccus eee ee 228 f TSIZE AND NORV elN see AONGRGE pert ee ee ee 230 a. POCKET UENG LELAND CORBI. sn eee ee Zonk ‘MISCELLANEOUS NOTES :— I. The Balinese Tiger (Panthera tigris balica). By Hod V. Sody.. ae ate Sete ee 2983 II. Remarkable Betewiout of a Tietess: ne ViS; ba Personne, NEB OU cise cee fon Ree eee 235 Ill. The Skin of a Persian Panther (Panthera pardus Sa20C0107)...) BY R: 1. POCOCK, HoRts 1-0 aoe eee OO IV.) Black Heopards, By ke win Pigey - 236
V. A Carnivorous Bear. By Madensiah: on eaten: 238 VI. Wild Dogs killing by night. By Lt.-Col. T. H.
Carlisle; RASS. 2 eee ee ac ee 239 VII. Wild Dogs hunting and killing by night. By V. 58. Tea Personne, MiBsO0U (50) ise Sends cod (os alee 240
VIII. Carcases of Animals dying of Rinderpest avoided by Jackals and other Carnivora. By Randolph
C. Morris.. Se ree as 242
IX. Death of an Biephant feotn. Rabies. ‘By J. Beckett. 242 X. Sounds made by Gaur or Indian Bison. By R. M.
PABOY vec 5 less ada cea o RN an FR ees PE EEN tote 243
XI. Duration of Life of some Indian Mammals. By Cedric Dover.. aaa . 244
XII. The Duration of lie of some : idea: Marmianls. Tigers. By Randolph C. Morris, F.z.s.. 250
XIII. Record of Big Game shot in the Nileit Arh, | 1905-1931... By Randolph C: Morris; r2cs55..s 25%
X1V. Small bore rifles and Big Game. By Capt. L. D. W. THRE ATSOY 16 34, ck25 he cee aha cA EEL ER BI MINER dai Ales 254
XV. Game Reserves and Flashlight. By F. W. Cham- DIODE” WEBic25.0s de PRA Reae bee antec bunts Sec eee
\\
\
XA XVII. SWE:
XIX.
XXIV. XXYV. XXVI. KAVA. POOV IEE XXIX.
XXX.
XXXI. OO , XXXII. XXXIV.
XXXV.
CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXXVI
The Penduline Tit (emzz coronatus, ae in the Punjab. By H. W. Waite.. j acl Notes on some Ceylon Birds. By P. 'N. Bee eters The Status of the Indian Black-headed Shrike (Lanius nigriceps, Franklin) in Lower Bengal. By oatva Churn Way Ph D., P:Z.S:, MeBO2U........ Occurrence of the White-throated Babbler (Argya gularis, Blyth) in Lower Burma. By J. K. SAMO AI C1S erasers sock eee io aes sales cekag ok RAE: A note on the Buntings of Burma. By J. K. Sram onGe le CeSassecccee Sean Map at neh onc Neco tae The Short-eared Owl (Aszo fF. Burmese ye d Mu Sramiongdi I. CSon ss vey pescegect The occurrence of the Lesser Kestrel (Cerchne/s naumannt) and Knot (7vinga c. canutus) Bunmas: by J. Ke Stamtond: 1 C:Si: Distribution of the Eastern Grey Duck ee os Zonorhynena).. tay J. C. FU SgiNs): U.C.Sv0:... a0: Flower-Birds and Bird-Flowers. By H. G. ICH EVEL Pay OL CHOI a any Ph even oor cltN a era Ue eter Ne aa soa er a ad A ease of Twin Embryos in the Egg of a Domestic Fowl (with a text-figure). By B. N.
tlammeus)
Notes on Monitor Lizards. By E. A. D’ Abreu, F.z.s. The Family of a Russell’s Viper or Chain Viper (Vipera russelliz). By A. L. Flynn, v.p., C.M.z.s.
Snakes in Ahmednagar. By Lt.-Col. K. G. COBVRE OUST CS Vargas ll Aen a Ren tre ae A ip ee ie Gases: of Snakes “Bite. “By Lt.-Col. kK, .G
(ST AVENIE: OS DIRETS Set I FACS pacman oO A Fish Pest of Fields along the Coromandel Coast (Ophichthys bore, Hb.) (With a plate). By T. V. Ramakrishna Ayyar, B.A., Ph.D., F.Z.S.. : The Food Supply of Trout in the NG. “Ss Major E. G. Phythian-Adams, 1.4. (Aid.)....... Methods of dealing with plagues of Ants. By The PC AEONG shen ee DAE Unb se Sevag s tule ge Sash cv! els Behaviour of the Red Tree Ant (C&cophyla smaragdima). By S, H. Prater, M.1.C., ¢..z.S, A Scorpion (Buthus) feeding on a Galecd Spider (Galeodes agilis, Pag.). By C. McCann, F,L.S.... NeCure ior Dapeyorm. By ©: MeCanm, B.LiS.... :..
eye)
262
263
265
265
266
267
268
269
271
272
274
276
vi CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXXVI
PAGE
XXXVI. Some Seagrasses from the Presidency of Bombay. By S. C. Dixit, m.sSc.,; M.A.. 284
XXXVII. Glimpses of the Vegetation of Seantih Bure (With 3 plates). By K.-Biswas; MAG. & nese eS
XXXVIII. Scent in Relation to Flower-Colour. By ‘I. C. N. Singh... ee Tene cee En ec ent: Mav enee han hceee 287 XXX TX: y Seanae Nunes ae Brig.-Gen. R. G. Burton. 288 PROCEEDINGS OF THE MEETING HELD ON 141TH JuLy, 1932.... 290
No. 2
THE GAME BIRDS OF THE INDIAN Empire. By E. C. Stuart
Baker, o.P.. (Cle, PeZicn, Holes... Me BeOnWs HE ARORUE
Part XIX. (With a cotoured plate) of The Redshank
Tringa totanus totanus and The Greenshank Glottis
MCOUAT TM ore ener or menos om OG Cee SG Te 298 REVISION OF THE FLORA OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY.
By Nev. 2.) Blatter, S:., 20.0.) H.o.m tani Oe maa
2 DMT )oor es : ; 307 SOME DeeRe ee AMONGST Coe AND OTHER ine
GAME OF BURMA FROM 1887-1931. By W.S. Thom.
(CUA 2 MES» oo Soltis Sal THE VERNAY SCIEN Te SuRgET OF THE Ease Grane
(Ornithological Section). Part 1V. By H. Whistler,
MABLO.U > 2SSisteds Dy INI bs Kinmicain Mob @nUeny eee eee — 334 SoME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN TREES. Part XI. By Rev.
B. Blatter SJ., Phiw., Fos: ands Wess Millandh = u-zas-
(With 1 coloured and 1 black and white plate and 2
TART ALOR) OIE EBA RESARPL IonRC nr Se SENET 8 HEB AHO MARINO ANDO OS tise boatodc Se) Tur HYDERABAD STATE ORNITHOLOGICAL SURVEY. Part I.
By Salim Ali. With Notes by Hugh Whistler. (W27th a
Wap ANA —PPlAles.\ ies Micon Cente cote ee RE OOS ‘ Non-POISONOUS SNAKES.’ By 2S. ie eR AE Ree Mrslen Cae OY ay AR rains trea de are ee MMI TH Venta nae SACI A Can a: atc 391
NOTES ON THE COLOURATION AND HABITS OF THE WHITE- BROWED GIBBON OR HOOLOCK (fylobates hoolock, Hari.) J By. C) McCann, rcs (Wain 2 plates) een eee 3959 if
~fur GAME Brrps AND ANIMALS OF THE MANIPUR STATE é witH NOTES ON THEIR NUMBERS, MIGRATION AND PARTS. Ratt le) Byrd Ce riigoimeminesses :
THE Civet Cars or ASIA. By KR. weocock, (ER. s. (With F MOKEATE O UVES. Voc Oih vee cee tan oc tnerede ae emEN Meese iee ham iinet enna |
406
/ 493
CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXXVI Vii
PAGE THE BUTTERFLIES OF BANGALORE AND NEIGHBOURHOOD. Bains A Seale Seats peck Seren men oo moa Sey Re 450 ADDITIONS TO THE DRAGONFLY (Odonata) FAUNA OF INDIA WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. By Lt.-Col. 1De (Cy IOWANS, MIS ISS (UAE ee AEBS GUA Oon ss toecononc: 460 THE SOCIAL LirE OF SNAKES.. By S. H. Prater, m.1.c., CaNIEZ. Sty Uieke Ben ioaeh cee ed Siac aaa e RTL Ae oat gore mianeie 469 NEw PLANTS FROM WAT teen in ‘By Rey. 2 Blatter, s.s., MDE ele Gera Mek toa ine thule Vilaaen eultee dca ts Gila se bans dad oe ET REVIEWS :— 1. Les OISEAUX DE L’INDOCHINE FRANCAISE.......... 485 2. Tuer NIDIFICATION OF BIRDS OF THE INDIAN TEINS Ws eater sees G bath ah Peat tev yee ae Ns PAS fee ee 485 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES :— I. How does a Tiger make a ‘Kill’. By R. K. M. TB Ey sm eee eS TA an Sa eo ee ee a in ene 488 II. Panthers of the North-West Frontier. By R. I. POCOCK, FR Gaiac tae: etgiee © “469 III. Jackal attacking Goat. By M. ea eee 490 INA Wile Docs) a) By Re CeoMoOrs WE.2iS.. EORiG:S.c...0..0 49 Vi White? Bison. By. R. ©i Mortis, ¥.z.S:, F.R:G.S.:. 492
\WI. Age of Bison. By R. C. Morris, F.z.S., F.R.G.S..... 493 VII. Elephants—Age to which they live in captivity.
. By. De iNichmond, igh bE.S. Gay ~ 494 VIII. Elephants eating earth. By Te Cc; Moras Bez.Sy, AR KOS Ne ea a Shien apenas ees ee aay Fee ERNE ee eRe 496 IX. Habits of the Muntjac (AZ malabaricus). By R. C. Morris, F.zZ.S., F.R.G.S.. By 497
X. The migration of the Paradise Bivcehe (7; eiptres ea paradisiy. By Tea histler, <F:Z-S-;)MoB.O.Ur.. sca. 498 XI. Further notes on the nesting of (Lanius nigriceps, Frank.) With observations on juvenile plumage. Byre ow C. eawi MA. oePMADs, @E.Z:S.4.) M.B.O.U. (With one plate.)... ; 99 x<.; eihe-status: on (ee eae. ate 21a, may: (e the District of 24-Parganas with a note on the nestling colouration). By S. C. Law, M.A., Ph.p., BUZnSey Vio HeOe Wn ACUI 20). ONE DIATE) ch 1d vw Watees canst S01
Vili
XIU.
XIV.
XVIII.
XX.
XXII.
MXIT.
AXITI.
XXIV.
XXV.
LOVE
XXVIT.
XXVIII.
XXIX.
CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXXVI
Extended Distribution of the Wynaad Laughing- Thrush (Garrulax delesserte Jerdon) in North Kanata:. .By Vi. 8. baPersonmes...5.0.405- ee
The Occurrence of the Common Ruby-Throat (Ca/- liope calliope, Pallas) in the Godavery Delta. By V. S. LaPersonne..
Nesting of the Thaw -eye gen Pe Semm,) By it.-Col. B. &. Doyle, 1.s.s.
Note on the Indo-Burmese Pied Hornbill Cae: cissa malabaricus leucogastra). By E. P. Gee. CW ith Lo Plate.) srsswariesue a sen che oe a ee eee
The migration of Wild Fowl. The Society’s Bird Ringine Scheme, By The lditors....2.. 4...
Early Arrival of Snipe in the Andamans. By J. Miles Stapylton, I.c.s..
The Common Central hear ete thse Wear atthts pallasiz, Reichenb.) in Nepal. By V.S. LaPersonme w acsssn ese oe yen eee eee ee
The Occurrence of The Lesser Kestrel (Cerchneis naumannt, Fleisch) in Burma. By C. B. Ticehurst
Some Observations on the Nesting of a pair of Ceylon Shikra Hawks (Astur badius badtus, Gmelin). By W. W. A. Phillips, F.z.s,., M.B.O.U.
Nesting of the Grey Partridge (/Francolinus pondicerianus, Gmel). By Lt.-Col. D. B. Edwards
The Occurrence of the Green Pit Viper (7vimere-
surus gramineus, Shaw) at Nagpur. By E. A. DA bret, Bi 75S. 2 Os oie ee Rg ee Ae | aaa ay. Intestinal Parasites of the Python. By R.C. Morris,
The Occurrence of the Common Chameleon (Chameleon calcaratus) in Gujarat. By Hari Narayan G. Acharya, aS. Gare eee
A note on the Occurrence of (Rana hexadactyla, Lesson) in Bengal, - By J. Bhadum) 2:2...
Hresh Water Hels. : By S. As, Strip... .c.gecees sone
Notes on an Acridzzd Grasshopper (Gesonia punctz- frons, St.) ovipositing into stem of Colocasia plant. By TT. V. Ramakrishna Ayyar and N. Krishna Menon, (With a plate.)... ele Uae
Phosphorescence in a Bombay Nee anudae By A, IN. (Galati SMG) ban es ated tee diee ceesnee caste lee
PAGE
503
504
504
505 507
507
508
508
509
DZ
SZ
SN}
513
514 516
517
519
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS VOLUME XXXVI Nos. 1 and 2
ACHARYA, HARI NARAYAN G., F.Z.S.; The Occurrence of the Common Chamaeleon (Chameleon calcaratus) in Gujarat wis st
Atl, SaAtim ; The Hyderabad State Ornithological Survey with notes by Hugh Whistler. Part Il. (With a map and two plates.) Re
AVVAR, T. V. Rimini. ByAae Pose Zao. e Bishi Pest of Fields along the Coro- mandel Coast (Ophichthys boro, Hb.) (With a plate.) .. AND Menon, N. KRISHNA ; Notes on an Acriditd Grass- hopper (Gesonia purctitrons, St.) ovipositing into stem of Colocasia plant. (With a plate. ere
BAKER,’ E. “€. Say ane, Je e,. O.B.Bi; FiZsSi, Pas, NERO“ ecb. Ac O.-Ur= The Game Birds of the Indian Empire, Vol. V., Part XVIII. [With a coloured plate of The Marsh Sandpiper (7vznga stagnatilis), The Wood Sand- piper, (Zringa glareola) and MWhe~ Green - Sand pipes (Tringa ochropus) .| Viole Wey Pant xe Van @ coloured plate of The Red- shank (7ringa totanus totanus) and The Greenshank ( Glottis nebularia) . | ” vee
BATTtve; -Liewut.-. KR. .K. M.; How does a Tiger make a SG? -
BECKETT, J.; Beaty oe pleahont from rabies
PaGE
513
276
517
293
Berts, F. N.; Notes on some Ceylon Birds
BHADURI, J. L.; A note on ae occurrence of (Rana hexa- dactyla, Lesson) in Bengal ...
BHARUCHA, K. H. See Catus, eed ale
Biswas, K., M.A.; Glimpses of
the Vegetation of South Burma. (Wzth three plates.) BEATTER, Riv. .E., S.J., PH.
D., F.L.S. ; New Plants from Waziristan
—.
AND, MCCANN. Ca. Ey bess. Revision of the Flora of the Bombay Presidency, Part XIX... (Orchidacee) . (With nine plates) Be Part XX. (Balsamtuacee) (With two plates.)
————
AND MILLARD, W.S., F.Z.S.; Some Beautiful Indian Trees, Part X. (With one coloured plate, one black and white plate and two diagravis.) Part XI. (With one coloured, one black and white plate and two diagrams.)
BURTON, BRIGADIER- Gasman R. G. ; Vernacular names
— = ee,
Calus, J. F., S.J., F.L.8. anD BARUCEAS KG rH) BAe BSC: Earth-eating and
Salt-licking in India a CAREISER, |) Iam.-Con, « T, SEV.: R.A.; Wild Dogs killing oy) Renee : CHa pie F. W.. EOF: S.. Game Reserves and Flash- light
PAGE
257
ol4
285
476
13
307
139
353
288
218
239
255
x LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
CHAMPION, H. G.; Flower- Birds and Bird-Flowers
D’ ABREU, E. A., F.Z.S.; Notes on Monitor Tae i
ee - The occurrence of the Green Pit Viper. ( 7rimeresurus gramt- meus, Shaw) at Nagpur
Dian 3S. Ce, NMeEScee EAS Some Seagrasses from the Presidency of Bombay
DovER, CEDRIC ; The Duration
of Life of some Indian Mammals ae ae DovLz#, Ltr.-Cozi. E.E., I.M.S8.; Nesting of the White-eye (Zosterops bal peobrosa, Temm.) sie Epitors ; Black Leopards
Food of Himalayan
Black Bear (Selanarctos thibe-
tanus)...
— A cantive female “of
Russel’s Viper (Vipera rus-
sellit) ...
—— The ood Supply of
Trout in the Nilgiris
—— Methods of Deane with Plagues of Ants
—-—_-—— Note on the Indo- Burmese Pied Hornbill (A/y-
drocissa malabaricus leuco- See)
—— Micraton of Wild- Fowl. The Society’s Bird
Ringing scheme ..
-—— Intestinal Baradtes
of the Python His
—— Fresh Water Eels .
EpwARDbS, LtT.-CoL. D. Be: ; Nesting of the Grey Partridge (Francolinus pondicerianus,
Gmel.) ee as
EVANS, BRIGADIER W. H., (Ga allss CaliEs, D.S.O., PRK og | IeASa, JE IDSs. 3 The Butterflies of Balu- chistan
EwBANK, R. B., C.LE., LC.S., E.bes.;) Lhe sHot- Westies Ferns of Mahableshwar
PaGE
267
269
ol
284
244
504 23
239
oie
279
279
505
507
513 517
oiliZ
196
188
PYINNG eae Aeelearmathicn: amnilly, of a Russell’s Viper, or Chain Viper (Vipera russellit)
ERASER, Linur,-Commhen MES.) Foss. ; lndian! Dra- gonflies, Part XL. (With three text-figures)
——- -__
Additions to the Dragonfly. (Odonata) Fauna of India, with Descriptions of New species (Withfour text-figures)
Fry, THOMAS BURGESS; Obi- tuarial notice of .
GEE, E.I.; Nete on aie tide Burmese Bed Hornbil! (A/ya- roctssa malabaricus leucogas- tra) (With a plate)
GHARPUREY, Lt7.-CoL. K.G.,, I.M.S.; Snakes in Ahmed
ee core OS CC
Cases of Snake-Bite Sats GuLATI, A.N., M.Sc.; Phospho- rescence in a Bombay Myria- poda.s., ae acc HEARSEY, Capt. L. D. W.; Small bore rifles and Big Game HIiccrmns, J. C7. LC. See Distiri= bution of the Eastern Grey Duck (Anas. p. zonorhyncha.) eae Game Birds and Animals of the Manipur State with notes on their numbers, Migration and Habits. Part I. :
KINNEAR, N. B. See Whistler, Hugh.
KutcH, MADANSINH OF; Carnivorous Bear ...
ILA PERSONNE, V.S., M.B.O. U.. Remarkable Sebawiour of a Tigress Wild Dogs hunting and ne ing by night as Extended Distribution of the Wynaad Laughing Thrush (Garrulax delessertt, Jerdon) to North Kanara...
A
°
PacE
271
141
272
274
519
254
266
406
238
235
240
503
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
LA PERSONNE, V.S., M.B.O.U.; The occurreuce of the Com- mon Ruby-Throat (Calliope calliope, Pallas) in the Goda- very Delta The Common Central Asian Kingfisher (Alcedo aitthis pallasii, Reichenb.) in Nepal.
Law, SATYA CHURN, M.A, PH. ‘D., F.Z.S., M:.B.O.U.; The Status of the Indian Black- headed Shrike (Lanius nigrt- ceps, Frank.) in Lower
- Bengal eae
a SS | Gy NNR
Further notes on the Nesting
of (Lanius nigriceps,Frankt.),
with observations on Juvenile Plumage ( With one plate) .. The Status. of [G-orietle citrina citrina Lath.) (in the district of 24 Parganas, witha note on nestling colouration.)
MacpDONALD, A. ; An _— to Anglers
McCann, C., F.L. S. Ss iokes ¢ on Indian Patrachians (With ten plates and two texi-figures.)...
——_—_—_—__—_—_—_—; A Scor- pion (Buthus) Recdiae on a Galeod Spider (Galeodes agilts, Poe.)
—_— —_—_—_-——_—_; A cure for Tapeworm Us
——__ ___--____—__-—__-; Notes on
the Colouration and Habits of the white-browed Gibbon or Hoolock (Hylobates hoolock, Harl. ) ( eee two plates)
; See Blat-
ter, E.... BS we
Menon, N. KRISHNA. See AvVAR, T. V. RAMAKRISHNA.
MILLARD, W. S. See BLATTER, KE,
MorRRIS, RANDOLPH C., F.Z.S.; Careases of animals dying of rinderpest avoided by Jackals and other Carnivora
2
PAGE
504
259 |
TS
499 |
152
395
13
242
OS ee
508 |
- Pocock,
| Morris, RANDOLPH C., F.Z.S.;
The Duration of Life of some Indian Manmals. Tigers
= é ° ee er os
Record of Big Game shot in the Nilgiri area 1905-1931
Wild Dogs
‘White’ Bison
—_—— es oe de ——— > 0 om |
9
Age of Bison
-——$__
Elephants eating Earth Habits of the Muntjac (J/. malabaricus)
——$__s
ue
Intestinal Parasites of the Python hy | PHILLIPS, W. W. ro F.Z.S.,
M.B.O.U.; Some Siders died on the nesting of a pair of Ceylon Shikra Hawks (Astur badius badius, Gmelin)
| PHYTHIAN-ADAMS,MAJORE G.,
I. A. (Réetd.); The Food Supply of Trout im the Nilgiris ate
PizEv, R. M. ; Sounds made By
Gaur or [ethan Bison (&z60s gaurus)
; Black Leopards. RE, FF. Rv s.2 Pre Black and Brown Bears of Kurope and Asia. Part II. (With two plates and twelve
teat-figures) eas ote _—— ; Obi- tuarial notice of Thomas
Burgess Fry
; The skin of a Persian Panther (Panthera pardus saxicolor)... ; The Civet-Cats of Asia (Wzth four text-figures)
a — - -
; Pan- thers of the North-West Fron- tier
re ee a
xi
PaGr
497
513
509
278 243 236 101 5 236 423
489
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
xii PaGrE Pack
PRATER, Seep Mine SPENCE, SIR REGINALD, KT., C.M.Z.S., J.P.; Behaviour of M.1L:C., F:Z:S., and PRATER, the Red Tree Ant (4cophyla SoH MEIC 5 ere vie Ss. smaragdaina) 280 Game Fishes of Bombay, The
St a Se Deccan and the neighbouring ‘‘ Non-Poisonous Snakes ”’ 391 Districts of the Bombay Presi-
—— —- —— —_— — ——_— :; dency (W1th nineteen plates)... 29 The Social Life of Snakes STANEORIDs Nag Ke Gres (With one plate) ..- 469 Occurrence of the White-
= ah acarae throated Babbler (Argya See Spence, Sir Reginald. gularis Blyth)in Lower Burma 262
Rao, H.- SRINEVASA, M.A., A Note on the Buntings of D.Sc.; Further Observations Burma 263 on the Fresh-Water Medusa The Short-eared oul (Ast (Limnocnida indica, Annan- _tlammeus) in Burma 265 dale) (With a plate anda text- The occurrence of the Lesser figure) 210 Kestrel (Cerchneis nau-
REVIEWS— manni) and Knot (7ringa Hand-List of the Birds of c. Canutus) in Burma 265
samoa 227 WAS TAP EON MINES, Coser, Hand-List of the Birds of Early Arrival of Snipe in the Eastern China... 227 Andamans 507 The Riddle of Migration 228 | Strip, S. A.: aie Ae ates Bele. 516 Size and Form in Plants 230 | THom, W. a: Some Experi- Pocket-Lens Plant Lore Oe ences amongst Elephant and Les Oiseaux de l’Indochine the other Big Game of Burma Francaise : 485 from 1887 to 1931 (With two The Nidification of Birds a plates)... SV the Indian Empire .. 485 | TICEHURST, cous Bo M. ne
RICHMOND, R.D., Cole E., M-.D., M.B.O.U.; The occur- I.FS.; Elephants—Age to rence of the Lesser Kestrel which they live in (Cerchneis naumannti, Heisch) Captivity : .. 4904 in Burma sae Se S08
SANBORN, COLIN CAMPBELL ; Waite, H. W.; The Penduline Mammals of the Suydam Tit (Remtz coronatus Severt- Cutting Sikkim Expedition... 181 | zoff) in the Punjab ey RL
SIDINGS Se 1s IWS Cog IPsID)se WHISTLER, HuGH, M.B.O.U.,
The Andaman Shel! Fishery AND KINNEAR, N. 13}, - (With five plates) 94 M B.O.U.; The Vernay Scien-
Simmons, R. M.; Jackal ie tific Survey of the Eastern ing Goat noe a 40 Ghats. Part ILI. 67
SINGH een Cr 'N. Scent vackanes ee in Relation to Gigwes Part IV 334 colour ... sie we 287 | —— ———_ ——_ -——_-—— -—— ;
SINHA, B. N.; A case of twin- The Migration of the Paradise embryos in the egg of a Flycatcher( Zchitrea paradist) 498 Domestic Fowl. (With a text- ——— Sas Oe figure) 268 See Ali, Salim.
SOron7, Isl, Ua The Balinecs YatTrs, J. A.; The Butterflies Tiger ee tigris balica of Bangalore and neighbour-
‘ Schwarz.) 233 hood: 450
IGS IE OIE JIG AICTHS
VOLUME XXXVI
No. 1
The Game Birds of the Indian Empire—
Plate
(4) Marsh Sandpiper ( 77vznga ee (B) Wood Sandpiper (Zrvinga glareola) (C) Green Sandpiper (7ringa ochrophus) ...
Revision of the Flora of the Bombay Presidency—
Plate
Plate Plate Plate
Plate
Plate
Ite
VI.
(Ad) Habenaria stennopetala Lindl. a close-up of the -
inflorescence (B) Habenaria stenopetala, Lindl, entire plant Flabenaria raritlora Habenaria spencet Habenaria variabilis ... vie
Habenaria variablis showing ine extreme variation in
the formation of the floral parts ... Hlabenarta cerea
PAGE
19 Zi
The Game Fishes of Bombay, Tne Deccan and neighbourine Districts of the Bombay Presidency—
Plate Plate
Plate Plate Plate Plate Piate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate
I. OL
III. IV. V.
VI. VII.
The Mahseer (Barbus tor) 500
(1) Head of a young Mahseer (Barbus tor). Lateral and :
ventral view
(2) Head of a young Masundi (Barbus UEC Lateral and ventral view odd wee
Dobson’s Carp. (Barbus jerdoni dobsont) ... ae
The Olive Carp. (Barbus chrysopoma)
Buchanan’s Carp. (Barbus curmuca) ek
The Kudali (Barbus parrah)
The Black-spot (Barbus filamentosius) i
The Rohu ( Ladveo rohita) wae a as
The Kanoshi (Labeo calbasu) .
The Dandvan (fasbora dantcontus)
The White Carp. (Cirrhina cirrhosa)
Hamilton’s Carp. (Cirrhina mrigala)
The Catla (Catla buchanant) Sh wits
The Wallago or ‘ Fresh Water Shark’ (Wallago atlu) ...
The Goonch (Bagarius yarrelliz)
The Banded Murral (Ophiocephalus str AHS
The Chilwa (Chela argente) e se
The Indian Trout (Barzlius bola) be ae
Barilius gatensis he one ae
45
46 47 48 49 50 ol Sy) 53 o4 55 56 37 58 og 60 61 62 63
XIV LSA OR ME ATEEGS'
PAGE The Andaman Shell Fishery — Plate I. (1) Artistically carved shells of Zurba (2) Shells chemically treated to expose pearly layer (3) Japanese crew at shell banks - au fo A
Plate II. (1) Typical Japanese boat
(2) View of the holds in which shells are stored
(3) A close-up of fishermen ready for operations a 96 Piate Ill. (1) A typical sanpan oa its way to fishing ground
(2) The unattended sampans
(3) A loaded sampan alongside motor-boat 97 Plate IV. (1) Discharging the cargo of the sampan into the fannie
(2) Removing animals prepatory to storage in the holds. 93 Plate V. (1) Holds stocked with shells
(2) Instrument used for removal of animals
(3) Home-made goggles used by divers sn one 99
The Black and Brown Bears of Europe and Asia—
Plates I. (A) Black Bear (Selenarctos thibetanus)
(8) Malayan Bear ( Helarctos malayanus) ee 08 Plate II. (A) Russian Brown Bear ( Ursus arctos)
(2) Sloth Bear (A/elursus ursinus) ay oe sie QS
Some Beautiful Indian Trees—
Plate XVIII. The Spotted Gliricidia (Gliricidia maculata) a Peer iS] Plate XIX. (A) Flowers of the Spotted Gliricidia (Glivicidia we maculata) (2) Spotted Gliricidia Tree in the Victoria Gardens, Bombay aS. ae ee .. 140
Indian Batrachians—
Plate I. The Water Skipper (Rana cyanophliictis, oo in slush 155 Plate Il; (4) The tndian Ball: irae | eae amcton, Dard) ina pool at the break of rains (8) The Indian Bull-Frog (Rana tigrina, Daud) Bier an ets 6 Plate Ill. The Food and Enemy cycles of the Bull-Frog (Rana
tigrina) fee se es aid an BL
Plate IV. (ana tigrina, Daud. ’ Dorsal and lateral views of Tadpoles ae es ier OD
Plate V. The Fungoid Frog (Rana malabarica, Dum.) and Bibr.) showing dorsal and lateral aspect... 166
Plate VI. (Rhacophorus maximus, Gunth.) Larva and aaannies! Vel Plate VII. (A) A spawn mass of the Giant Tree-Frog (4. maximus, Gunth) (B) (Rhacophorus maximus, Gunth.) another mass of eggs laid in the tangle of twigs covering the water ... 169 Plate VIII. (4) The Chunam Frog (fhacophorus maculatus, Boulenger), showing the adhesive discs (4) The Chunam Frog (fhacophorus maculatus, Boulenger), a female with spawn ‘ nest ’ sie Bel ae
LIST OF PLATES XV
PAGE
Plate IX. (Rhacophorus maculatus, Boulenger), Larva and Tadpoles a ae oe convened ZAS)
Plate X. The Common Indian Toad (S#ufo melanostictus, Schneid) showing the vocal-sac inflated ‘se een We)
Further Observations on the Freshwater Medusa (Lizmnocnida indica,
Annandale) — Plate (1) Limnocnida pool, Koyima River (2) Limnocnida pool in the course of the Yenna River ... 210 Plate Photo of the late Thomas Burgess Fry Ee See OOS Plate A Burrowing Eel (Ophichthys boro, Hb.) ... nel O Glimpses of the Vegetation of South Burma— Plate I. Top of Moulmein Hill with open mixed association at Connarus paniculatus in the foreground, and Bambusa polymorpha in the background .. ae 285
Plate If. (A) A general view of the forests by the ade of Weper Kyeinchaung River with overhanging climbers and drooping branches of Buccaurea sapida. In the fore- ground is the spreading shrub of Homonota riparia.
(2) A group of Licuala peltata in the Kyeinchaung forest with the party pocge nn the author in his botanical exploration 286
Plate III. (4) Bamboo and Cane praes in the intention of the
virgin forest area of Miachaung
(4) Interior of a secondary formation in Tenasserim, showing Cane brakes with epiphytic Asplenium nidus and climbing Rhaphidophora pertusa on the moss-
covered trunk of a tall tree 53 seus Mean EOE No. 2 The Game Birds of the Indian Empire— Plate (A) The Redshank (77viznga totanus totanus) (B) The Greenshank ( Glottis nebularia) eu aecos Revision of the Flora of the Bombay Presidency— Plate I, (A) Impatiens acaults (BL) Impatiens pusilla Bee es een OOO Plate Il. (A) Lmpatiens balsamina (B) Impatiens pulcherrima ss 358 Boo ells
Some experiences amongst Elephant and the other Big Game of Burma from 1887 to 1931—
Plate I. (A) A large Tusker in the Thayetmyo Yomah (#) Elephants watering ss so HI Plate II. (A) Elephant remains near the Lemro Ree Arakan. (B) A carcase of an Elephant killed in a fight saps oil Some Beautiful Indian Trees— Plate XIX. Saraca indica , Re wise ae ODS Plate XX. (A) Saraca indica (Trees Of) aaten was SO 1 iy!
(B) Saraca indica (Flowers and Fruit of)... en oOs
Xvi LIST. OP PLATES
Hyderabad State Ornithological Survey— Map of Hyderabad State and adjoining territories
Plate I. (A) Typical boulder country Hanamkonda (Warangal District) (&) Typical country on the feecey Amrabad plateau Plate If. Vultures at a wayside carcase
White-browed Gibbon or Hoolock— . Plate il, CA! & B) A young white- browed Gibbon Deiichaics hoolock) female about two months old nee Plate If. Skulls of Hoolock Gibbon at different ages ...
Social Life of Snakes—
Plate (A & B) Dhamans or Rat-Snakes mating ... Notes on the Nesting of Lanius nigriceps, Frankl. — Plate (.4) Date Tree with the nest zz sztu of Lanius nigh 1CE~S.
(2) Close-up of the nest zz sztu
PAGE
357
360
5 80)
395 402
469
499
Note on the Indo-Burmese Pied Hornbill (A/ydrocissa malabaricus Iemencasira
Plate Fig. 1. Adult Q bird
‘Fig. 2. Young bird, photographed on 12-8-30
Fig. 3. Young bird, photographed on 12-8-30
Fig. 4. Adult 2 (right) and young (left), photographed on 2-9-30 Bi a oe
506
Notes on an Acridiid Grasshopper (Gesonia punctitrons, St. ) Ovipositing into
stem of Colocasia plant— Plate Fig. 1. Colocasia stem showing egg mass in stem Fig. 2. Egg magnified Figs. 3&4. Younger stages Figs. 5&6. Adult
317
INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS
VOLUME XXXVI
Nos. 1 and 2 F Pace | Asplenium nidus, P\., fig. A.... 287 Caliccita dvrothea, Thoracic Baccaurea sapida, Pl., fig. A... 286 markings of # and Q, Fig. 4 Bagarius yarrellii, Pl. — 59 (AS51853) es ae ae Bambusa polymorpha, 12]. 285 | Cirrhina cirrhosa, Pl.
. Barbus chrysopoma, Pl. 48 | - —-mrigala, Pl. ... ——-— cuymuca, PI. 49 | Connarus paniculatus, PI. —_-— filamentosus, P|. 51 | Elephants—
——-— jerdoni dobsont, Pl. 47 A Large Tusker photo- = ——. i ssullan, Pl. fig. 2 46 graphed in the Thayet- = —— parral, Pi. 50 TIAN O OTM Alla we beliey a toe alee —_-— for, P|. 45 PG watering, PIl., eS P| eho ak 46 fig. 2 : ; Barilius bola, Pl. 62 Elephant remains near ‘he —-—. gatensis, Pl. 63 Lemro River, Arakan, Bufo melanoslictus, with vocal Jel Bacall. sac inflated, Pl. 173 : Oninace of an Bicphant Calicnemts erythromelas killed in a fight, Pl., fig. Dorsal headmarkings, fig. DERE Se ae aes ss 3.(2) 146 | Fry, Thomas Burgess, Photo —_——-- eximiia of.. Wings of-female, fig. 1... 141 Gentine Aamies a0, Bee ened Anal appendages, fig. 2, tudinal] section of Pee 2 . 143 | Gesonta punctifrons, Adult, Dorsal headmarkings, ig young and eggs, P1.... 3 (4) ; 146 | Glirzcidia maculata, P1.. —— mules, & Leaf and calyx, figs. Dorsal headmarkings, fig. Flowers of Pl., fig. A 3 (0) 146 Tree in Victoria Gardens, miniata g Bombay, Pl., fig. B Dorsal headmarkings, fig. | Glottzs nebularia, P\., fig. 2 .., 3 (5) 146 | Flabenaria cerea, P|. — mortont, & ee raritlora,. Pl. Dorsal headmarkings, fig. -———_——— spencel, Pl. ... 3(3) a 146 | ———--——- sfenopetala, PI. ——- = pulverulans $ —-——. — variabilis, Pls, Dorsal headmarkings, fig. Helarctos Us: 3 (6) in 146 PM 55 ke, Calla buchanant, Pl. _... SY) ewer side of cieht onic Chel argentea, Pl. 61 paw, fig.9.a Chlorogomphus olympicus, Lower side right hind ae _.Anal appendages, Fig. 3 nes We (De (A, B) 465 Rhinarium, fig. 10. G0):
Pacr
331
SU
sil 133
xViii
Hlelarctos malayanus. DepeSy er NO, Go Gs Breast patch or collas: fe. Is @e@ Upper profile of deel of pial male, fig. 12.a Frontal profile of skull oe old male, fig. 12.6. ¢ Nasal profile of the type, fir. 12.d as ae Upper profile of adult female, fig. 12. e. f Hyderabad State Ornithological Survey.—
Map of ite ads sie Typical boulder country Hanamkonda (Waran-
gal District) Pl., fig. 1 Typical country on the
Lesser Amrabad plateau. Vultures at a wayside car-
case Hydroctss@ m. lemeamast ne Adult 2 PEs fig. 1
Young PI., Aes 2 2,3 nN Adult Q and young, FL, fig. 4 sae fon ie Hylobates hoolock
A female abouttwo months ..
old, Pl. die Skulls, at diferent < ages : Impatiens acaulis, Pl., fig. 1 .
———-—_— balsamina, Ph., fig. 1 —-—— pulcherrima, Pl., fig. 2 . So —-e- PUStlia, Pl.,
fio 2 tee Eabeo calbasu, Pl. ‘ rohita, Pl. Lanius nigriceps Date tree with nest zm séttu,
lees : Close up of the socks in os Pl. B Licuala peltata, P\., fie B Limnocnida, ety Pools, Pl., figs. Aand B ...
Eggs, figs. 1,5. Melursws wrsinus Lower side of right fore paw and lower side of right hind paw, fig. 1. a@..6 a Er
PAGE
133
134 |
137 |
137
137 |
137
356
360
368 }
506 506
395: | 402 |
309
313 | | Rasbora daniconius,. Pl,
313 309
102
' Rana cyanophitetis, Pt.... 506
INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS
Melursus ursinus Rhinarium, muzzle claws, fig. 2. a-d. ie ioe : Upper Drone of skulls, ee 3.a.6 ae Moschothera civettina Lower side of the left fere paw, fig. 3 (A) Lower side of the left hind paw, fig. 3 (B) ... a Palate of skull, fig. 4 (A)... Forehead, fiz. 4 (B) Posterior portien of man- dible, fig. 4 (D, E) megaspila Lower side of the left fore paw, fig. 3 (C) Bs Lower side of the left hind paw, tie. 3 CD) =. se Palate of skull, fig. 4 (C)... Posterior portion of man- dible, fis. 4 (F) ...
and
| Ophichthys boro,, Pl.
Ophiocephalus striatus, P.
—-— malabarica, P\., figs. A pial ds: 3 cia a | Rana tigrina, Pl., figs. A
* and B ee ia ‘
Food and enemy eyoles Plies
Tadpoles, Pl.
Rhacophorus maculatus Pl., fig. A.showing adhe- sive discs. Fig. B. Female with spawn ‘ nest.’ Fig. a, Type of pigment in deeper layers. Fig. 6, Type of pigment at sur- face... Tadpoles. Pl. MOKUNEUS mass, Pl.
Spawn and B.. . Tadpoles, Pl. sa Rhaphidophora pertusa Pl., fig. B Saraca indica, Pl. Leaf, fig.
» figs. A
174
175 176
169 ya!
287 353 353
INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS
Saraca indica Flowers, fig.... ihree sis, fowl Be Flowers and Fruit, Pl., Tae Sy Selenarttos thibetanus Upper profile of skulls, fig. oee-6 se a P| Al it © fo
— ————
fig.
——— Lower right fore paw. hind paw, fig. 4.
side of Right a.b ai ais ae Breast patch or iGO, Go Coe Upper ae oe I8So U6 Coe os —-— Forasdnis Breast patch or collar, fl Sen One 83 i Upper profile of ft Cpe On G-@ ee Back of skull Tie le Reahow OG, ae -——= 7aponicus Back of skull of adult eran gu, IMCs lo IP Gor -—— thibetanus laniger Breast patch or collar, fig. Gere: + : Upper Drone of Sally, Fes a eiGeae
collar,
‘skulle,
Sauls of adult
_— bien s Breast patch or collar, fig. Gate
PAGE
354 354
354
125
125
113
119
113
Selenarctos thibelanus ussuvicus Upper profile of skulls, fig.
8 A, B As ae ah Pee fossa, fig. Sy Aes IB ¢ Upper olay, ie 8, AN. Be Snakes, Social Life of. Dhamans or Rat-Snakes mating, Pl.
Tetracanthagyna water Taisen Wings, fig. 1 eee fore 2
Anal appendages,
(a-c) : i Tringa glareola, Pl. ylmee 2 ——~ - ochrophus, Pl, Oe Sees
- Stagnaiilis, Pl., fig. 1...
-totanus totanus, P1., Sep nee TULOO SD ele. Ursus arctos, P1.,
Viverra zibetha
fig. 1 fig. A
Lower side of paws, figs. (A, B) i - zibetha
Outer view of the: left
auditory region, figs, 2 (A, B) : Hinder ends of pale: fee. 2 (€, D) bic OS ORE Ol Shesllils wefer, 2, (18) Go Be Palate of fouls fie, “2 (F). Viverricula indica, Lower side of paws, fig. 1 (Cy D)) ; Wallago attu, Pl,
X1x
Pace
125
125 125
Hee bw
293 94 103
425
439
ERRATA Vol. XXXV, No. 1. (THE BUTTERFLIES OF CoorG. Part IL.)
ADDENDUM.
459. 5a. Pratapa deva deva, M.
I had set aside a 2, which was neither Tajuria jehana, M. 2 nor Tajuria cippus cippus F. 2
Recently Capt. Riley of the British Museum identined it as
Pratapa deva deva, M. I saw andtook no other; this I took in an open- ing in a patch of thick wood by a stream at Kolakeri near Napoklu
in Coorg.
CORRIGENDUM.
For 1 32. 1a Caprona rausonnetti potiphera, Hew. vead ‘i 26.1.a Caprona ransonnetti ransonetti, Fd.’
y. Caprona ransonnetti taylorii, DeN.
Both forms occur. Oddly enough the only Bangalore specimen I have, appears to be the rare Caprona ransonnetti lanka, nov. (Evans), but it is a rainy season specimen, taken in July.
The references I give are to Evans’ J/dentificaiton of Indian Butterflies, 2nd Edition.
Vol. XXXV, No. 4. Page 916, Misc. Note XXXIV, last line, instead of Helianthus - jicaberimmus vead ‘ Helianthus scaberimmus.’
Vol. XXXVI, Nos. 1 & 2,
Page 252. Misc. Note No. XIII, line 8 from bottom. Instead of ‘No chital are recorded as shot since 1914. read ‘No ‘“ chital’’ are recorded as shot prior to 1914-15, the figures being tabled under ‘‘ Spotted Deer.” ’
Page 332, line 13. Instead of ‘gouge’ vead ‘ gong.’
INDEX OF SPECIES
Abisara echerius prunosa Acampe 50
Acanthion Hodeaon:
Acanthus ilicifolius Ake Acionyx (Cynzlurus) jubatus Acronychia laurifolia Actiniopteris dichotoma Adiantum capillus veneris
—— ——— caudatum —-lunulatum
ZEgele marmelos
AMgithina tiphia humei .. fErides
Adschna enjflromelas
petalura ane 660 —— —— quadrilateralis... Aithopyga scherize Agallocha...
Agnus castus Sah Agriocnemis arborense ... clauseni
femina
——_ ——_——_ pyegmeea
spencei
Alcedo atthis pallasii Allophaea ochracea
Alseonax latirostris ar —_-—___——--——_ poonensis... —_—— miuttui ...
muttui
aoe eS
————. ruficauda : Amblypodia amantes amantes Ambherstia nobilis Amphithemis vacillans... Ampittia dioscorides
Anas platyrhyncha 16 —— Here toni.
——_ —_——— peecilorhyncha.
-—_ —_ ——_—_ —- zonorhyncha Anax immaculifrons Angelonia grandiflora ... Anguilla bengalensis
——— bicolor...
PaGE
85,
53-005
266,
267, 266,
456
20 187 285 245 317 190 192 190 192 320 378
27 463 463 463 268 285 355 467 468 468 468 468 508 468 387
86
82 388
86 457 354 460 459 419 421
420 421 465 288 Sd Sy)
Anisogonium esculentum Anser albifrons albifrons ——-- anser
—-~-- indicus
Anthipes moniliger Antilope cervicapra Anurosorex assamensis...
Apharitis acamas hypargyros...
————--- epargyros — -——- lilacinus Aporia leucodice balucha Appias albina darada
- libythea libythea Arceus
niger
Arcticonus
Arctictis binturong Arctogale leucotis
Argya caudata caudata gularis
malcolmi ... Aregynnis hyperbius -—~——- lathonia isscea —_——--—— —-— lathonia
Areyrolobium mucilagineum ...
———— - purpurascens Artamus fuscus... Asarcornis scutulata Ascaris attenuata
WACOM. Ham meuss.:
Aspidium cicutarium ——-—-- polymorphum Asplenium falcatum -— laciniatum
fo solbil eyeobanl —_—— - ——. var. me... SS = Aen —— nidus... Astragalus fernandezianus lasius
Astur badius -—— badius Astycus augias augias ...
trapezifor-
PaGr 193 414 412 413
84 249 183 207 207 457 199 454 454 101 103 108 246 246 374 262 375 203 203 203 481 4&0 347 416 SS 2k5 193 195 195 193 193
194 194 286 482 480 162 509 459
xxii
Astycus pythias lanka ... Atalantia ceylanica
————-— floribunda
—— ——.- missionis
-————- monophylia ... ————- puberula
——-——- racemosa
Atella phalantha...
Atherurus sf/....
Athyrium falcatum
—— -——- filix feminina.. ——_——- gymnogrammoides... --—--——— hohenackerianum Aulocera padina burnettii Aurantium maximum ... Avicennia officinalis... O00 Axis (Cervus) axis
Azanus jesous gamra
-— ubaldus...
—-—-- uranus
Baccaurea sapida
Badamia exclamationis... Bagarius yarrellii
Balsamia litifolia
Balsamina minor ae Balsaminifolia rosmarinifolia ... Bambusa arundinacea ... polymorpha ... Baoris conjuncta narooa guttatus bada
———— kumara kumara
—_—— mathias So —_—_—_—-—— mathias
thrax
——— zelleri cinnara Barbastella darjelingensis
————— =
Barbus ambassis... ae ee
- carnaticus
- chola eae
- chrysopoma (CBIATANEIOA) Goo
- filamentosus
- jerdeni
-—— dobsoni a IFICIVOI Abe - kolus
—-—- malabaricus
— —- mussullah
- parrah
- phutunio...
- pinnauratus
INDEX OF SPECIES
PAGE
aes 459 319
319
319
319
319
ec SLO 204, 456 247 195 194 195 195 Maree A074 319 285 249 457 456 456 286 458 59 Sil) 311 312 LOO 285, 286 459
459
459
197
459
208
459
182 aerate)! wee 47, 64 Se 64 ... 48, 64 ee 49 mets Ol, OE 47
47
47
50
49
46
50
65
48
204,
PAGE
Barbus sarana 48 - ticto Dil
- tor... ; 45 Barilius bendelisis 63 -— bola 62 ——- evezardi... 63 — gatensis... OS Barringtonia acutangula 286 Bauhinia sp. 286 Baza jerdoni ceylonensis soa NS Belenois mesentina mesentina 199, 454 Belomys pearsoni 185 Belostoma indica 161 Bergera ... ee ae ves BN Bibos frontalis 243 -——~ (Bos) frontalis BB Ces) ——- gaurus 243, 322 — sondaicus ... : 322 Blechum orientale wee & 195 Blumea balsamifera 285 Bonatea benghalensis ... 14 Bos indicus es soe ICES Boselaphus tragocamelus 249 Bothridium pythonis ols Bougainvillea ... ma ae (Mel) Brachypteryx major albiventris 67 - major 67 Bradypterus phoenicuroides .. aus 68 Bradypus ursinus 101, 103 Bruguiera... 285 Brunfelsia hopeana 288 —_—— ——latifolia 288 Bubalis (Bos) bubalis ... 248 Budorcas taxicolor 249 Bufo melanostictus 178 Bulbophyllum 35° ise 26 Bungarus ceeruleus smo 20D, 2d Butalis muttui 86, 388 Buteo superba 5 5.280 BOUIN G2 o550 Neer soMk Byblia ilithyia 456 Caesalpina gallesii 268 Calanthe 26 Calicnemis soe tel dal ——- ——— atkinsoni 143, 147 ——-—— erythromelas ; 146, 149 —-— — eximia .-o 141, 143, 146 —_—_—_——- inglisi ee Seal) —_—.———- miles 146, 147 ———_——_- miniata He ea —_—. —---- mortoni 146, 150
INDEX OF SPECIES
Calicnemis pulverulans Callene albiventris Calliope calliope
Callophis trimaculatus Callophrys rubi Callosciurus crumpi Camacinia gigantea Camunium
— exoticum
Canis indicus indicus ——- laniger
——- lupus
——-~ pallipes
Capra falconeri ...
hircus
sibirica
ee ransonnettii lenien ransonnettii
Carapa obovata Carcharodus alcez swinhcei dravira balucha Caryopteris wallichiana Casarca ferruginea Castalius caleta decidia ethion ethion —— -—— rosimon rosimon Catachrysops amyntas comyntas
~ strabo
Catla buchanani Catopsilia crocale ————- florella gnoma ——_——-- pomona —————- pyranthe minna Cemas goral
Cerberus rhynchops Cerchneis naumanni ——-—— pekinensis Ceriops Sei Certhia spilonota
Cervulus muntiacus Cervus eldi
- hanglu
- porcinus
- unicolor
- wallichii
Chaclas we wee Cheetocarpus castanocarpus Chalcas
—- exotica ..
— paniculata
265, 508
PAGE 144, 146 . 67
72, 504 273 207 185 460 Bl SZ 184 184 246 246 248 248 249 458 458 285 208 208 288 419 456 456 456 206 206 457
| 56, Sy ‘199, 454 454 199, 454 199, 454 322
393
508 285 380 S22 322 250 322 322 250 317 285 SIlh7, oly, 317
Chamaeleon calcaratus Chaptia znea malayensis Charaxes fabius fabius ——-—— polyxena imna Cheirostylis
Cheilanthes oi thontemetaetta - farinosa
var. anceps ——- tenuifolia...
Chela argentea
——-- bacaila
——-- boopis
——-- clupeoides
——-- phulo
Chibia hottentotta
Chilades laius
——_——--—— laius Chilochista
Chlorogomphus oly mipious Chloropsis aurifrons insularis jerdoni Chondrorhynchus Chrysomma sinensis sinensis ... Chrysopelea ornata
Cirrhina cirrhosa
fulungee
-——_—— mrigala
——_—— reba
Citrus maxima
Citrus spp.
Clausena indica ... pubescens
—— -——_ wampi
——-—— wildenowii Clemmys : Clerodendron odoratum Coeliccia albicauda
———— dorothea Coeloglossum luteum Coenonympha myops raaemnalionl Coffea bengalensis
Coladenia dan dan
— jndrani indra Colias croceus edusina
erate lativita
——- -—_ war. palida
— var. chrysodona ... Collurio erythronotus
— nigriceps
- tephronotus
—-——- tricolor
XXiil
PaGE 513 350 455 455
28 195 194 195 195
"Bik 64
XXIV PAGE Colotis amata amata 200 —— - —— —— modesta ... 454 -——— dane dane 454 a dulcis eee e200 — etrida etrida 200, 454 eucharis 454 — fausta fausta 200 ——— -fulvia 454 protractus 200 vestalis Ses wie see OO) Coluber helena 2735 Cento ln SOC -— porphyraceus 392 -- radiatus 392 Congea tomentosa 285 Connarus paniculatus 285 Cookia dulcis 318 - punctata 318 Copsychus saularis amoenus 74 ceylonensis : 74 -- saularis 73, 384 Coracias vagabunda 369 Cornacantha 463 Corvus culminatus 368 - hottentottus Seles | OO ————-- macrorhynchus euiminacts fae OOS: - paradisi 88, 89, 389 - splendens splendens 369 Cossyphus caudatus 374 Cottonia 27 Craspedacusta omen nike) ———— ryderi 214, 217 Cremnoconchus syhradrensis ZN, Crocidura sp. 183 Crotalius horridus 471 Croton sp. 2 3 286 Culicicapa ceylonensis gejloneneis ie 87 -—— pallidior 87, 388 Cuon dukhunensis 246 ——- rutilans 246 Curetis thetis 457 Cyanopterus sphinx sont Sade suey Cyanosylvia suecica 71, 383 Cycas rumphii 285 Cymbidium és Zi, Cymodoceae isoétifolia ... 284 Cyornis pallipes pallipes 87 - poliogenys vernayi 83 ———- saturatior : 84 — tickellize 83, 387 ‘Cyperus corymbosus 66 Dacnomys millardi ae 186
INDEX OF SPECIES
Danais chrysippus
- genutia
————-- limniace mutina
- melissa dravidarum - plexippus
Delias eucharis Dendrelaphis Caudoliaeatte Dendrobium
densiflorum pierardi Dendrocalamus strictus Dendrocitta leucogaster vagabunda pallies
—_—_—__ ——-——_ vernayi Dendrocygna fulva
javanica Dendrophis pictus Desmotrichum Be Deudoryx epijarbas Sonanhes Dichoceros bicornis ; Dicrurus ceerulescens Gece ne
—-—-~ lophorhinus 56
———— . macrocercus peninsularis
Didunculus strigirostris
Dillenia
Dipetalum pigeniate
Diplocentrum
Dipsadomorphus Givens
Dipsas ceylonensis
- forsteni
Dipterocarpus She
Dissemurus lophorhinus
——- paradiseus
---—- eoulonencte -- grandis
SSS -— malabaricus ... Dremomys lokriah bhotia
_—______.-__— - lokriah Drynaria quercifolia # Dryocalamus nympha 580 Dryophis dispar
——_——- mycterizans
-—_——- prasinus } Dumetia hyperythra alpacas — hyperythra
Durio zibethinus Echis carinata 660 Edolius grandis 5b Elapbrornis palliseri
200,
351,
SOR
— longicaudatus longicaudatus.
Zh
PaGE 200, 455 200 455 455 455 454 392
26 286 286 286 370 369 369 369 419 418 393
26 458 5C6 348 348 350 348 Di 286 316
27 Zhe 393 393 286
soo BN)
370 351 so 351 185 185 195 Soe 303 393 393 377 376 286 274 Boll 20/
INDEX OF SPECIES
PaGE
Elephas maximus 322 Emberiza aureola 264 —- cia yunnanensis 263
—— --—— fucata arcuata 263 —______——_ -- fucata 263 ————-- pusilla 263 —— —- rutila 264 ————-- schoeniclus 263 —- spodocephala melanape 264 Entada scandens 286 Eogenes alcides alcides 209 Epipogum 27 Equus hemionus... 248 kiang ons 248 Ergolis ariadne indica .. 456 — merione merione 456
Eria : bee 26 Eriboea athamas agrarius 455 Erinaceus collaris 244 Erodium adenophorum 477 —- heterosepalum 478
—- nanum 477 Erynnis marloyi ... ay soo. AOS) Eryx conicus LI, Alay ook —- johnii 272 Euchloe ausonia sevpnelte 198 — — pulverata 198 — belemia 198 ——— charlonia doveri 198 ——_—_—-——_—- lucilla 198 —_—_—_—___—_- pila 198 ——- transcaspica 198
Euchrysops cnejus 457 - contracta : 206 ——________.____-. contracta 457 ———-—- pandava minuta ... 206 -- pandava 457
Hugenia jambolana 188 Eulophia ... : 26 Kumenis enervata i 201 - — mnioszechii balucha ... eri —__—_—____——_--- paliida ... 201, 202 ——-— parisatis shiva 201 - — thelephassa 202 Eumyias albicaudata : ae 84 — thalassina thalassina ... 85, 387 Euphorbia helicscopioides 483 —— pauciradiata 483 Euploea core core 455 — — coreta coreta ... 455 vanes ADS
Euthalia garuda meridionalis ...
Euthalia nais
Everes parrhasius Der AaSIE:
Evodia malayana
—- roxburghiana
Excoecaria
Fagaria budrunga
-- rhetsa
-- triphylla
Felis bengalensis
- caracal
- chaus
is [ia
—-—- nebulosa
———-- pardus
—- temminckii
——- tigris
——- uncia
- —- viverrina
Feronia elephantum
———- limonia
Ficus spp. 500
Franciscea latifolia
— uniflora
Francolinus pondicerianus
Freveria trochilus
Funambulus pennanti
(Sciurus) palmarum
Galeodesvacilismy.s.
Garrulax delesserti ea
Gegenes nostrodamus karsana
Gentiana ciliata
Geocichla citrina citrina
Geodorum
Geokichla citrina Chine
—— cyanotus ——- wardii
Geophilus electricus
—-phosphoreus ...
Gesonia punctifrons
Gigantochloa albociliata
Gliricidia maculata
Glottis glottoides
euttifer
nebularia
Glycosmis arborea
——_—--—-- chylocarpa
——— —-- pentaphylla ...
—-- triphylla
Gnetum sp.
-- edule
Gomalia elma Aecracciata
XV
PaGe
oi),
So;
184,
455 457 315 315 285 316 316 315 245 245 245 245 245 245 245 245 245 245 320 320 286 288 288 oz 206 186 247 281 503 209 287 501
27
78 386
78 519 sky) O17 286 USS) 302 394 301 Sl7/ 317 oy, 317 286 286 458
XXV1
PAGE Gomalia elma litoralis ... 208 subfasciata 208 Gonepteryx rhamni nepalensis 199 rhamni : 199 Gracula saularis 73, 384 Graucalus javensis lapara 347 ——-- macei 346 - --__- —____—__-- nipalensis ... 346, 347 —-- macei 346 Grewia microcos 286 Gunomys bengalensis 186 Gymnogramme leptophylla OS Gymnopteris subcrenata 195 = —— variabilis ... 19] ——_ ——- var. lanceolata 192 Gynacantha 463 Gynerium argenteum 66 Habenaria ae 28 —— affinis 23 ——— —— candida 22 ——_—_-——_ cerea a: aes Bik —_——-—__—_—__--- vay. polyantha (aye —————. commelinifolia 500 20 ————— crassifolia 25 ———— crinifera 20 —_——-——- dlecipiens 20 ———_ —— digitata oe 14 ee var. foliosa 15 — —-— var. gibsoni 15 ——_—- —— diphylla 25 ——-—— foliosa 15 __—_—_—— fusifera sie 23 —_———— gibsoni : 5 es, NS — ——- var. foctida. 16 ——_—_ —— glabra S50 000 a 22 ———_——— grandiflora ... We, lus) -——— —— grandifloriformis ture Wy ——— —_——--- var. ac- quiloba 18 ——_—-——- hallbergii 24 ———-—— heyneana ... ae ae 22 ——_——_——-_ jerdoniana ... 25 eae Ilneiinialia, — ... an US ———_——_ longicalcarata ae 20 a -- var, viridis 20 ———-— longicorniculata 20 ——— —— longicornu 20 —_—__——-_ marginata : 23 —____—_________ _---_- flavescens 24 a modesta 14 —_————— multicaudata 16
INDEX OF SPECIES
Pace
Habenaria ovalifolia ... SS. ola 23 —_ plantaginea... oo nee 20. ——--—— platyphylla... 18 ———--— rariflora iv! — + -—_-——_ ——.__ var. iaetole 17 ———-- schizochilus 20 === Heeinee! 17 SS SSMOOSNAVA, cc. 14 =. Siaveolens -~.. 19 3 SU OVO ESET aap we 5 ASIA) 14 ———_—-- uniflora AZ —— --—— variabilis Ug => WG OR 24 —__. —- ——_——_——_ var. dalzellii 24 Heematornis luteolus 380 Halophila decipiens 284 ‘ovalis seh oe w. 284
Halpe egena ceylonica... 459 Haplochilus lineatus 69 Elasoravalexis ise) rae 208 —-—- NOSIS ame Ten oo Hebomoia glaucippe australis 454 Helarctos ... : aaG 131 ——-—— annamiticus ... 132 = a eC UbySpitus ses pene - malayanus 132, 134 Helicops schistosus 3927395 Hemichelidon ferruginia 80 Hemipus picatus picatus 338 Hemitragus hylocrius ... 249 —-—— jemlahicus... 249 Herpestes auropunctatus 246 ——--—— fulvescens ... 246 ——-—— griseus 246 —_--——— mungo 246 —--—— mungo 184 ——_-—- nyula ... 246 —--— urva te 184 ———-—— smithii Feb ie wae’ ea6 ——-—— viltticollis 246 Hesperethusia crenulata 318 Hierococcyx varius 373 Hirudo birmanica 161 Hodgsonius phoenicuroides 68 Homonoia riparia 286 Horaga anyx cingalensis 458 Huphina nerissa evagete 454 Hyaena hyaena 246 -- striata i Bee teat) Hydrocissa aoa banneTS leusonacira: 505
TINDEPXO OF SPE GILES XXVii
PAGE Hydrolea zeylanica ap 288 Hyelaphus (Cervus) porcinus ... 249 Hygrorhiza aristata 65 Hylobates concolor 398 -—____—__- hainanus i 397 —_ —— hoolock See oe 244, 395 —-——_——_ lar 244 —- nasutus SN) — pileatus ES 397 Hypermnestra helios ... ta: IQ -- —- - balucha san LIS Hypothymis azurea styani_... 91, 389 Hypolimnas bolina ... Re 202, 456 misippus ... se 202, 456 Hystrix spp. 247 Impatiens acaulis 309 arnottiana ... 310 — bababudenensis Sint? 6, ———_—— balsamina ... Sa Soh ols ——_—__——_—_--——__ var. brevical- carata ahi coe One —_ ——_—__——_——-- var. agrestis ... 314 ——_—_—_——_- - var. rosea 314 ——_——__—- var. Vulgaris... 314 ——--—-— beddomei 310 — chinensis 310 ————- coccinea 314 _—— cornuta 314 — cuspidata oS —————— dalzellii 312 — dasysperma... 315 —-- diversifolia 310 ———— inconspicua... 312 —_—— kleniformis ... Sie —— kleinii 311 ————_ latifolia SUS} ——-— lawii... 3112 ————— lucida 313 ———— oppositifolia 312 —— —-——- perrottetti : et Ome ———— pulcherrima a 314, 315 — pusilla aoe 312 -—————_ ——_ var. filiformis oil SS Os MOS ISSHGO I, | SL ———_—— rivalis 310 —_——_ rosmarinifolia OZ -——_———. rufescens SZ ———_—— _rupicola 310 ——_—_——- scabriuscula meee OLA ——— scapiflora ... Sim 309, 310 ———_—-——- stocksii 310
4
PaGE
Impatiens talboti a ate ster OL tomentosa ... ane we ollie
ee Verruicosa... san et OO Indigofera acanthinocarpa ... ee GOs Ipomeea sp. ie ae ses on ASO Iraota timoleon arsaces... i Spano Iris persica fos see is Sob Aste) Ixias marianne .., ae Ae Kp ate - pyrene frequens ... fe ai eyo -—— Satadmnay ac. AAS soe LUO IEZORANS Pere Bee See ne eh 286 Jacaranda mimoseefolia soe Maa COO —— ovalifolia ... eee or Sts) Jamides bochus bochus shi ri! by) celenoceleno ... Sas Sa Oe: Jagmarliotian GOs ~~ sa. Ea we ZOO Jonesia asoka ... os ne Berna o)s) Josephia ... ee 6 aa sie 26 Juncoshyemialis =. Bi Sic eee LO. Kaloula obscura... ane are Sree WS Karanasa acteea nana ... Bae Ses 202 Kittacincla macroura indica ... a 74 —-— malabarica malabarica 74, 385 Labeo boga sae ie an Aa 53 CAUOBISIE Gre ee eas TOO Oe fimbriatus a ae Sea OO. OF IRBINGPIEELS coc ae a aint OS)
nukta a se ue Sh 53 POKCelhasman Age 5 ae 53
potail a as Pe eS ols)
rohita ae es a ars a2 Lagerstroemia ... S66 eed 500 ASG) Lalage melaschista 580 ba ses. S40 SVIEESI Sa ae ee Sac eae) Lampides beeticus sas ee 206, 457 Lanius caerulescens... See Se OLS - caniceps... ae Pe fig a OOH, === Chistalus enistatus Fae oe OOF = Stlanis 7 )..: ee nes Sen) oOo ———- malabaricus ... ue ee ool -nasutus ... oe in ee OOO ——___—__-—- nigriceps sae ei OOS - nigriceps... ah Bae 259, 499
_ - nipalensis : 500 sae oe Sh - schach caniceps PPO SOy SC OMSOT, ——_——-——-——. erythronotus ... 380, 387 —_—_ —~——— _nipalensis ie 336; 337 —--—--———_——- tephronotus ... 336, 337 -tephronotus ... ste a 80 SNARUCANIEIS) oo 203 a eso Oe Larvivora brunnea vee eee Be 67
XXVili
INDEX OF SPECIES
PAGE
Larvivora wickhami 68 Lastrea calcarata 191 = CEMA sea soa ® LES!))
- filix-mas... : ia 191, 282 —_—— var. cochleata 191 ———~ sparsa 195 Leggada pahari... 187 Leptocoma asiatica ss 267 Leptosia nina nina 454 Lepus oijostolus ... 187 ruficaudatus 187
Lethe europa ragaiva 455 ——-- rohria nilgiriensis 455 Leucocirca aureola 92 susese sss Compre iroctc) Ol, 389 —- pectoralis pectoralis OZ 00 Se vernayi : oo Leucostegia immersa 19%, 3195 ——- pulchra to) AS Licuala peltata ... ses 285, 286 Limnocnida indica PMO, Pla ZS rhodesiz ... ee RO)
tanganicee DD, AAS
Limonia accidissima 318 ———— arborea 317 ———— crenulata 318 ———— monophylla SMU) — oligandra aes 316 ———— pentaphylla S17 — tripolia... 50 318 ——-—— trifoliata 318 Liparis : 20 J dipumllos: 25
Luisia = 636 27 Lutra lutra nair .. 185 Luvunga elentherandra 319 Lyczena caspius susanus 207 — - phleeas stygianus 206 - phoenicurus 207
- - thetis lampon 207 Lyceenesthes lyczenina Iyexsmiaa 457 Lyceenopsis puspa gisca : bie aT Lycodon aulicus ehZ, 391, 392, 393 -— striatus... 474 Lygodium flexuosum 195 Lyroderma lyra lyra 182 Macaca assamensis 182 ————- mulatta... 181 Macacus cynomolgus 244 ——— irus 244 ——_—— mulatta 244
PAGE Macacus radiata... set 244 — silenus ... 244 ~ ——— sinicus. 244 Machlolophus Semon rs aplonotus BAL Macromia muniata -460 Macropistodon plumbicolor 272 ‘Malacocercus albogularis =| ——---——— malabaricus | 373 Mangifera indica... a 354 Maniola davendra latistigma... 201 ——-——lupinus centralis 201 ———narica 201 ——-——tenuistigma 201 ——-——- waegneri... sii 197 —__—___———_——. mandane 201 Marmota (Arctomys) caudata 247 ——-— himalayana ... 186 Martes toufceus ... is 184 Mastacembelus armatus 517 Meconopsis latifolia 287 — -——-speciosa a 287 —-sp. ... soe ye co e287 Megalops cyprinoides ... 64 Melanitis leda ismene ... 455 Melastoma malabathricum 285 Melitzea didyma didyma oe ec Oe —_ ———— hodgsoni aS) - robertsi... 203, 204 trivia persea 203 -~ trivia 203 Melophus melanicterus ove ed Melursus ... aS ww, =10) —__——.- lybius ... a Swen OS ——__—___- ursinus 103, 106,.107,.247 ————--— inornatus 105, 106 Merula bourdilloni 76 - erythrotis 76 Mesogomphus lindgreni 465 Mesua ferrea 354 Michelia compacta 275 Microhyla ornata 176 Microscelis p. ganessa ... 380 Microstylis a 25 Molpastes cafer cafer 379 Monticola cinclorhyncha sae 79 — - solitaria pandoo 80, 386 Moschothera ae ee) civettina ... 445, 449 megaspila 443, 449 Motacilla calliope saith ade, —— - cinnamomea ... 343
INDEX OF SPECIES
PaGE Motacilla emeria 380 ——_———-- fulicata ae TE ——-——-- sulecica 71, 383 —— - sylvatica 69, 381 Mucuna sp. 286 Murina tubinaris 183 Murraya banati ... 317 ———— chinensis 318 ———— elongata on7, ——_— exotica 505 Sul7 ——— heptaphylla 318 — keenigii 318 ——— paniculata 317 — sumatrana uly — tavoyana 318 Mus homourus 187 — musculus 247 — pahari ; 187 Muscicapa nlbieaudata BS, 84 —— albicilla 81, 386 — erythropygia 345 —_— flammea ‘is 341 ———— latirostris 85, 387 a malabarica ... 74, 385 ——_—_—— pallipes ae 82 _____—_—— parva 50 Ue teal —_—__——-_ picata 338 ——— —— pondiceriana Se) ~--__— + rosea... 342 — tuflcauda 86 -—_—--——. strophiata 81 ————— superciliaris : 387 — — thalassina ; 85, 387 Muscicapula pallipes pallies: 82 poliogenys poliogenys ... 83, 84 ———- $$ - ——- vernayi 83 aaa rubeculoides rubeculoi- Geese es 82 ae superciliaris 81 ——_ —— superciliaris 387 eee - astioma 82 _ tickellize tickellize 83, 387 Muscipata brevirostris ... 341 ——-- princeps Sar AO Muscipeta leucogaster ... 89, 389 Mustela -kathiah 185 — subhemachalana 185 Mycalesis mineus polydecta ... 455 ——_———-- perseus typhius 455 ——_——- subdita : 455 Mynospermum chylocarpum ... Sa
KX1X:
PAGE
Myophonus coeruleus horsfieldi 80 Myotis caliginosus 182 Sicarius 182 Nacaduba dana 457 ————-- dubiosa imaies 457 ————--- nora nora 457 Nezemorhedus (Cemas) oral. 249 Naia bungarus etiey AU ——.- tripudians ... be Olay Lda -- war. ceca 273 Nectogale sikkimensis 184 Nelumbium lotus 65 ——- speciosum... 65 Nemorhadus sumatrensis 322 Neodon sikkimensis 187 Neolyczena connee 207 ———. sinensis 207 Nephrodium molle tage OIE Nephrolepis cordifolia ... 180,195 - ——- paucifrondosa 1¢0 Neptis hylas varmona .. 455 jumbah jumbah 455 Nervilia 27 Nettapus doromandelanu: 417 Nvupia fruticans ... 285 Nyctalus Jabiatus 182 Nycticebus coucang 244 Nympheea stellata 287: Oberonia ... 25 Ochotona Anata 187 Ochromela nigrorufa 87 CEcophyla smaragdina ... , 280 (Enanthe deserti atrogularis ... 382 — rufiventris ~ 70, 382 Olcyornis olivaceus me uae 84 Oligodon subgriseus eet Oe S925 393 OCphichthys boro... 276 Ophiocephalus gachua... 60 -—— leucopunctatus 60 -—_——__——- marulius 60 —_——- ——~—— micropeltis 60 —_—_—_ —_——_ pseudomarulius 60 ——__——__———. punctatus 60 ——-—— striatus... 60 Orchis commelinifolia ... 21 ———- plantaginea 18 Orchys platyphyllos ‘ Z0 Oreocincla dauma Fone Woiiensis 72 Oriens gola goloides 459 Orsotrizeena medus mandata 455 Osmunda regalis... 193
XXX PAGE Otocompsa jocosa emeria 380 Ovis burrhel 248 —— hodgsoni 187 == ViSnel 248 Pachystoma 26 Panthera pardus sanicoll ae 236 _ sindica 490 ——-——- tigris balica 233 ——— sumatrae 235 Papilio alexanor ... 198 - crino tee Ao - demoleus ao molens 198, 453 - helenus daksha... 453 - machacn centralis 198 - polymnestor polymnestor 453 - polytes romulus 453 Paraclepsis preedatrix 163 Paradoxurus eon pnrodieier 245 ~ larvatus 245 —— leucomystax 245 niger a8 245 Paramignya monophylla 319 Pararge menava... 200 -- schakra ... 201 Parashorea , 286 Pareronia ceylanica eevee 454 —————- yaleria hippia 455 Pareudiastes pacificus ... Bee 227 Parus aplonotus .. 371 ——-- major rahi aeacnin 370 ——-- malabaricus 343 ——.-- nuchalis Seal ——-- peregrinus 343, 344 ——-- sinensis on 7 Passiflora laurifolia 288 Pathysa ncomius nomius 453 Paullinia asiatica... ade si 316 Pellorneum ruficeps ruficeps ... 378 Peranema cyatheoides ... 195 Pericrocotus andamanensis i340 -- ——- brevirostris Pg oe —_ --—— - erythropygius 314, 345 —__——-——-- flammeus ... 341 —____-——_- flammifer .. 340 —_——_-——-- fraterculus ee 340 —____-—- peregrinus ceylonensis .. 344 —————— iredalei 343 —_—_——_ -——_—_——-—. malabaricus 343, 344 ——_ —— —_. ——_ —--—. pallidus 344 ——___—__——_---——_—— peregrinus 342, 344 ———_——___ —_- —__——_ vividus 342, 344
INDEX OF SPECIES
PAGE
Pericrocotus roseus roseus 342 —-———=- == SPeCiosts) .. a: 340 ————_——- — elegans 340 a semiruber 340, 341 Renistylisiee. wae 28 ——__—--- Stenostachyus 14 Petaurista nobilis 185 ——> ((JPeerounys)) imornaes 247 Petrocincla cinclorhyncha a 79 —= pandoo 80, 386 Philautus bombayensis ... 77 Phcenicura major 67 == rubeculoides sa 82 Phoenicurus ochrurus mlhceniccwoiees. 383 ——_ ——— — -—— rufiventris 70, 382 ——-~ - pheenicuroides 7. Oligo kawen. 26 Phyllornis jerdoni 309 Pieris brassicae 1199 —- canidia canis 454 ———— - —— indica 199 === CHIOMICHOS 5. 199 ——- daplidice moorei... 199 —-- glauconome 199 —-—- krueperi devta 199 ——- rapae 199 Pipistrellus babu... 182 coromandra 182
Pithecus schistaceus 182 Platacantha 463 Platanthera at 28 —-- brachyphylla 25) —--—— heyneana ... 22 Platycerium grande 286 Platyrhynchus ceylonensis as 87 Pleopeltis linearis 192, 195 ——--——- membranacea 192 Poephagus (Bos) grunniens 248 Polyarthia fragrans 354 Polycanthagyna ... seen 463 Polyodontophis collaris.., ; 2, 393) — — subpunctatus ... 392 Polyommatus bogra 205 ——-——— christophi pranteata 204 —_—— ~~~ - cyllarus aeruginosa 205 ——_—_--——- eros balucha 206 ——--______ — ——- shingara 206. ——___--———-— hyrcana kwaja ... 205 — icarus figitiva 205 ——- iris hanna 205 —_——-- loewil chamanica 205
XXxi
INDEX OF SPECIES
PAGE PAGE
Polyommatus pylaon indica 204 | Rattus flavipectus tiste... 187 ——~ —-—— sieversi felicia ... 205 fulvescens... 186 —— —- vicrama astabene 204 nitidus 186 Pomatorhinus horsfieldii B78 norwegicus 247 - - travancoreensis... 376 | ———rattus 247 Porpax Sat 26 ——————— ciel mensia 186 Pothos scandens ... 286 | Ratufa gigantea gigantea 185 Pratincola atrata... : 70 | = indica 247 --—— indica... Oy Seva |) Nera, Comorevenels} a5. fee SY Precis almana almana ... .. 456 | Rhacophorus maculatus 168, 172 ——-- hierta hierta 202, 456 ——-—— malabaricus 169 ——-- iphita pluviatilis... 456 maximus .. 169 ——-- lemonias vaisya .. ... 456) Rhaphidophora pertusa PAE OO —— orythyia swinhcei 202, 456 | Rhinoceros sondaicus 248, 322 Primula cernua .. 2387 | -———---—- Sumatranus... 248 Prionodon mactlosus 245 | ————--—- sumatrensis 322 -——- pardicolor ... 184 lf Beare unicornis 248 Prochilus ... 101 | Rhinolophus rouxi 245 Pseudois nahoor ... 248 | Rhizomys badius... ee ey Pseudoxenodon macrops 392 | Rhizhophora oes 1200 Pteris acquilina ... 190 | Rhodonessa Pav opnglleces 417 === [AES 191 | Rhynchcstylis Dol -—— nemoralis. ... 191 | Rucervus eldii ce as 250 —-~—— pellucida 195 | ——-——: (Cervus) duvaucelli... 249 —- quadriaurita its 190 | Rupia rostellata ... 284 var. setigera 190 | Rusa (Cervus) unicolor... 249
Pteropus giganteus 244 | Russelia juncea ... 267 — medius ... 244 | Saccolabium 27 Punica granatum : ns 282 | Salpornis spilonotus epilonctle 380 Pycnonotus luteolus luteolus ... ... 380 | Salvia patens 288 Python molurus ... ECU ZA/Aeaol Sie Sabaca: tiGica ws a... Abe 353 sebae 471 | Sarangesa sati hopkinsi... 458 Ramanella montana 178 | Sarcanthus 27 Rana breviceps ane Pa aliGry, | Sarcochilus ee D7 ——- cyanophlictis el55s lols O15) = Sarkidiornis Pero tae. 416 —- hexadactyla 514 | Saxicola atrogularis 382 ——- leithii 167 | ——-——~- caprata atrata 69, 70 —- limnocharis 166 | ———-—— - bicolor 69, 380 ——- malabarica 168 | ——— ——- burmanica... 69, 381 ——- rufescens .. 167 | ————- nigrorufa : 87 ——~ tigrina S258 ——- torquata indica 70, 382 Randia, sp. ... 286 | Saxicoloides fiulicata fulicata ... sas ne -—- uliginosa 267, 268 | -———--—-—-———_—_ intermedia 73, 384 Rapala melampus 458 | Schizotoma ensifolia 195 - schistacea 458 | Sciuropterus pearsonii ... 185
- varuna lazulina... 458 | Scopolia acnleata 316 Rasbora buchanani 54 | Scolopax erythropus 298 ——-—— daniconius 54 | —— - nebularia : 301 ——_—— rasbora... 54 | ——-——-- totanus 293, 294 Rathinda amor ... 458 | Selenarctos leuconyx ae 114, 121 Rattus eha... 187 - melli so tS Nae TO)
xxxii
PAGE Selenarctos thibetanus ... 239 a ———_——--—- formosanus 114;
2a, 29; 130 —__—____—_—_—..-- gedrosianus 116, 118
—_—-—__- —_—_-——_- japonicus. 125, 127, 129
-~laniger. 115, 118, 119
-———— -—__-___-—- mupinensis ie Ts thibotanis: 106; 107; 109, 111, 1127 11s, 119; 121, 123
-_—_ —_____ - —— ussuricus Wk 28) —. —-—-- wulsini lio Simotes arnensis Deli op 302, 398 ~-- teeniatus 392
-- violaceus oe nt OZ
Sitta castanea castanea one ——- frontalis frontalis io OU Siphia parva albicilla 600 81, 386 —___—___——_- hyperythra be aa 81 ——_—_—__ -_ parva See 80 styani 91, 389 Solenophorus Hie cacaphales 513 Sonneratia acida 285 Soriculus caudatus 183 ——-——- nigrescens 183 Spalgis epius epius 456 Spindasis elima elima ... one oes = 457 —_—_—_—-- ictis.ictis 457 ————- lohita pazularia se: we 458 ————.- schistacea 457 ————-- vulcanus vulcanus ... w. 457 Spiranthes ites ae 7 Sees OW, Stereospermum .. 286 Sterculia : 286 — villosa... 285 Streblus-asper. ... 286 Strobilanthes sp. 286 Strymon sassanides 207 Suastus gremius gremius 459 Stncus ceruleus giganteus 183 ———- soccatus 183 Sus andamanensis 250 Sylvia cambaiensis N36 ae ae 73 Syntarucus plinius ue ASG syrichtus evanidus 1973208 —— galba 458 —_——. geron Ane 208 —--——— orbifer carnea ... 208 -- plurimacula 208 -----—. poggei 208 Tadorna tadorna 419
INDEX. OF SPECIES
PAGE
Teenia saginata 283". Tajuria cippus cippts ... 458 —- jehana ae 458 Talicada nyseus nyseus 456 Talpa micrura dee 183° Tamiops macclellandi ... 186 Taoaeschna frontalis S5n AGS Tapirus indicus ne 248, 322 Taractrocera moevius sagara ... 459 Tarsiger brunnea brunnea fd 67 Tarucus mediterranee ... Sen wwe 20H -—-—-- nara 456 ———-- nigra 204° —-- theophrastus oe 204 Tchitrea affinis a an 30 —— -—— paradisi lensooueters : 88, 89, 90, 389, 498 — —_—-~- — nicobarica 89, 90, 499 —_ ——.—_—— _ paradisi. 88, 89, 90, 389, 498, 499 Tecophilea cyanocrocus 287 Telchinia viol 456 Tephrodornis gularis ... & 339 -- = — fonentene 339° EEE pelvicus 1 SOS) —__——_ — sylvicola Soper see) ——_——_—_——-- pondicerianus affinis ... 339
a _ —__—_ —-- pondice-
Tianus= <2. 339 —-_—_-—— sylvicola 338 Terias blanda silhetana sexe 404 ——-- hecabe IG ASS ——_-~—_—_——. simulata 454 —— laeta laeta 454 ——w— libythea 454 Terpsiphone nicobarica 89 Tetracanthagyna ls 463 —— waterhousei: 461 Tetracerus quadricornis 249 Thunia 50 26 Timalia oer ee, 376 ———- malcolmi 375 Tinnunculus inglisi 990 509 Toddalia aculeata 316 ——_——-- asiatica 316 ——----—- bilocularis: 316 ——- floribunda 316 Toluifera cochinchinensis 317 Tomares callimachus 206 Tomeutes lokroides 186 Totanus calidris “294, 297
INDEX OF SPECIES XXxili
PAGE PAGE
Totanus fuscus me pal .. 298 | Turdus simillimus bourdilloni. 739,95), 77 - - glareola a ae ie 0 i niisi a sis 7S) --- glottis ae x .. 301 | ————-——- mahrattensis. 76,77, 385
~- guttifer wh fe .. 3804 | ————-—'simillimus ... 20h ,276
- hypoleucos ... <a sie 7 | ————-— Sspetieei Se, 7.7, -385 - - ochrophus 500 ne a0 2 | -———- unicolor ae OB, So 77 - - stagnatilis ss te ae 5 | Turreea virens 330 ve ee OO) -- totanus terrignote ... .. 297 | Typhlops braminus e me 272, 470 Trachischium fuscum ... ae a 392 | Uidaspes folus ... ae eee ... 459 Tragulus javanicus 500 os A sed || Ursus os se sis vee tO] Triacanthagyna aes es ... 463 | ——- arctos “ath Ae ..- 106, 109, 246 Trias ane hi Bi ae 26 | ——-—-—- isabellinus aoe Wea ae LOO Trigonella lasia ... te .. 479 | ——-clarki as sie Se sp eabagy Bie — aailounmanes ae ... 479 | -———- formosanus 4 Ae Meith 29 Trimeresurus gramineus as .. ol2 | ——- gedrosianus sak ae oo AYO Eringa,aurita, “~-.. See xa aae 8 | ——-labiatus .., ue use sony els . c. canutus as “ee .. 265 | ——- longirostris en a pace LOS - erythropus 530 sae ...- 298 | ——-malayanus ... Sh rae 132, 2247 - eurhinus 5M ss 293, 295 | ——-——-—-—-- wardi... eat 132, 3137 - glareola ets sh .: «10 | ——~- thibetanus ... seo OS; UE, 3123) -127
> hypoleucos ae see a 7 | -—--tibetanus ... oe uy PUT 247 - ochrophus oe ee ee le?) = = tonguatis -... wee SEDI 16,2238 7247 -—-— — stagnatilis et 455 ses 5) —- —— formosanus eee aia) p=. fofanus ae aie 2. = 293 | —-- ————. macneilli as ae .-__—___—_—-— terrignotee sony Cob, ZH ——-—— _ var. arboreus oe ES —__—_—__———_ totanus Sok so CRE Wewaloles 5 ae ta ae 27 Triphasia aurantiola... ae i StS) | Vanessa nialanea. as a hen DOS EOI a tie sos OS |) ——— == Carel ae ae 202, 456 Trochus niloticus ae So iis 95 | ——-—— egea balucha Bt mee 2203 Tropidia Se ech Be 27 | ————:——_ --album ee eae 203 Tropindonotus Teese se soe ORB a INC 500 oq) ADS ———— — parallelus 208 sop OB) SS TCI 3 : noo. = 408) See CaO, WGN, G2, 272, S22, |) === -SevaloO weal foreseen soe 08} 393, 472 | Varanus bengalensis Be yen 209
—— ——_——— platyceps ae soo || = ESTES 500 550 Gases 270) —__———.— stolatus. 162, 272, 392, 393, | ———— monitor ed was 269, 270 471, 472 | Vepris bilocularis Sco sae sco BIG
—. —— ———. subminiatus ... 392, 393 | Vipera russellii he. ie CH 2s Tros aristolochize ube si ... 198 | Virachola isocrates He Sih Ln Oo —-— —- aristolochic wea AOS —— perse ghela ae pace -408 — hector aoe ee: ee A 5S NatISe Sp) ae ee re ete 280 Tupaia belangeri pcan dob Pe SO iVerha ashton ae ...427, 428, 437 ——-—- tana ane ol mai pe DAA - civetta matschiei awe Ape eta 249) Turbo marmoratus tis Bee 95 | ——— — orientalis ba ae AZO ‘Turdoides striatus oelieen ane a 374 - civettina sir se 439, 445 ——- - malabaricus 370, 373 - civettoides ane iis 429, 432 Turdus cafer aay Se Soo OS) - filchneri ae as mee AO ———- citrinus Le ae bis 78 | ———-malaccensis ... ser 245, 434 ———- cyanotus se ae 79, 386 | ———-- megaspila oes oes owe 443 ——- merula ie ee aie 75 - melanurus sae ate 428, 429
———- nigropileus aa ue 75, 385 — orientalis bie sie 428, 429
XXXIV INDEX OF SPECIES
PaGE
Viverra tangalunga HS ae SO TASS —_—_—_—_ -——- lankavensis eee aS
-— undulata ee os 428, 429 -zibetha 245, 426, 427, 428, 438, 446 —— —— ashtoni on sons ti —_—— —__——_ filchneri ee Wine LIT —___—__-—— picta 432, 437, 438 —_____—— pruinosa 434, 437, 438 ——__—_—_-—— sigillata ne 434, 436 —_-——_—-——_ surdaster ... 433, 437, 438 ——— ——-—— zibetha 184, 428, 436, 437
Viverricula indica indica ie .. 446 Volvocivora melaschistos a; wee OAD Vulpes alopex Sc ate ag CLO - leucopus ae aa a CLO ————- vulpes nes Pee DOA Wailago attu aus oo aoe ae 58 Woodfordia floribunda sols se OO, Xanthoxylum roxburghianum Ener SIS) Xylophis perroteti Ses 560 OH Oe Ypthima asterope mahratta ... 202, 455 ————- baldus madrasa ae vei PASS ———— bolanica ar ie Nene, 2,
PAGE
Ypthima hubneri hubneri _... we AAD Yungipicus scintilliceps kurode Baten 44C Zalacca wallichiana ste ae BA BANS Zamenis diadema on Sos Pes, SS —— fasciolatus Mise 3 Sem gee ac ——-—— gracilis Be iat Pree 41/3 ———— korros ne ee OO —— mucosus he LG?) 2125 82, SSS Zanthoxylum budrunga ety ee eS) - ovalifolium a tt eos)
- (SUSE P< bec ase et J ONO Zesius chrysomallus ... oa os MEA OS Zetides agamemnon menides gases) Zeuxine as a ee mie 27 Zizania acquatica on Re a 66 Zizera gaika san 58h ae om =A od -— lysimon me sth 206, 457
- maha maha _... 6b0 BR wl vA Se ossa ee se oe ow, - otis decreta suis ee sate oy
— trochilus putli ... ae dno k7/ Zizyphus cenoplia ee eer Shh AW) Zosterops palpebrosa ... nae nO ——-—— ceylonensis ... Aes Jano aon al
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"CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXXVI, No. 1.
Tue Game Birps oF THE InpIAN Emerre. By EH. C. Stuart Baker, Cah Cancer EN Che NeBPOLU. sae HHA O.Us marie x VEE (Wath =a coloured: JOG) > Tobbeankorsondoascnangeoobc6c sd aceadoaoseeseenscEence ss puncaumrc
REVISION OF THE FLORA OF THE Bompay Presipency. By H. Blatter, s.J., DISD Maman ae een exerrla ie NOON mre (VV UC =: DUG UES)! reiciacls scvole ss ars sisialojesieinfores ete sla ee ae
GaME FisHeS OF BomBay, THE DECCAN AND THE NEIGHBOURING DISTRICTS oF THE Bompay PRESIDENCY. By Sir Reginald Spence, kt., M.L.C., 2S 9 ToRa5 @iael Whe US. Jak, Ie eIrS Wiclbe@en CM iayoSone eelela Aral
1Q)” fOlGbEGs)) 0 ond Sacnbdeb Sct pas enb Soom ANB ae Goun pednepes see Hod boed cH Gora eciccaanconcHie ic ‘aE VERNAY SCIENTIFIC SURVEY oF THE HasTeRN GuHats. By H. Whistler, MEE OnURmascisicda bye Neb. Manneéar, M.B.0-U. Part WE J 22.5....<.
THE ANDAMAN SHELL FISHERY. IBS tee IBS SGuiaels WS@s, 121110); (With OME NOUS) em Re OAT 2 rostrata nahn GR Oe Sa siieve ts siaieis ote aie'r safe Stoo dtichors ootease ie arsigl se
THE BuLAcK AND Brown Bears oF HuRopE anD AsiA. By R. I. Pocock, Wass leew JUL, (Woe 2 jones: Cree NA aye eo UOOHEES.)). es tepnosesansonece. Some Berautirun Inpian TREES. leony Jah, Ilan, Sdieg” Wei), Toes eave! W. 5. Millard, r.z.s. Part X. (With 1 coloured plate, 1 black-and-
>
CTC DUC CeO CCE [UNUTCS crater atune atti Sy ace setnne a sn.ctetneeeaseeuuee cut te
InDIAN Draconrites. By Lt.-Col. F. C. Fraser, 1.M.s., F.z.8. Part XL. GAC mr RMU CHUUGIINC Si) mmm ernn cs). aini ecu Saletan wavetiie Vanceees weumie wage nanmren creer
Nores on InpiAn Batracuians. By C. McCann, F.u.s. (With 10 plates OG) 5. WORT LODO o)) = Poe Scio OSE SO BE IOC OE aR CET Dacian oc ne ee ORGS Oe
MAMMALS OF THE SuYDAM CUTTING Sikkim Exprepition. By C. C. Sanborn.
Toe Hor-WeatHer Ferns oF MAHABLESHWAR. By R. B. Ewbank, 6.1.z., To@siSoty PSR ae SOME a aoe klar oa IB ee eA eee nary ee Ra arte RR a
THe Burrerruirs oF Batucuistan. By Brigadier-General W. H. Hvans, GaSicllin ACpllesis3 WSaOs peat Halse Chass A ae AAAI Siegel Gea DT Sy) ine a Degas wacmare unter
EURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE [*RESHWATER Mrpusa, Limnocnida indica. By H. Srinivasa Rao, M.A., D.sc. (With a plate and a text-figure.)
HARTH-HATING AND Saut-Lickine in [np1aA. By J. F. Caius, s.J., F.L.s.,
hia leap omer een ne GU Clin aye MBA MEME S@ad eer mo), icuns wolastc. cu ovasech tate ata cetlodeek + « (QUBRTUIATENC 5: IN 1B} NTE SiS 5G OE Seen p SBOE He Nate Sea ann NA Nearer aN or ret eet Manni ore a ANTS] ANID IDTBVNTEN © AITO) = GENIN GITIGTIOL IS} Stree A REVIEWS :—
AND OS Mee NOs Ty LED GO) HOH SOA MOA; Yilicscsharclees este nsdeaslecsascceacnieterenaes
EAN DHS ORMUIEY SOMRD Ge OH: HYAGTERING CGEUENAG sonccses dcdeetnodsec cael ce raes
MV ELE meee MUNN ipae Oem VEN GIR AMUN OiNic.l tasers acinarctalssiteeas sa ualded ited ines cece vaniiebe Sede hls
SUZ ee AND Ree ORIMMETING seIANITG : lye teccstidratoaseanseact sees Lane Sac naar Siempre
EXC OKABE Sy AUN EH? MRIOINE Bosca saagnceiet omic ecdisig sein csje sebé simalas acslce.siebeeet van «
PAGE
210
retro
il | CONMMEGIES: Cle Vole 2OO VIL, No. I
PAGE MISCELLANEOUS NOTES :— I.—The Balinese Tiger—Panthera tigris balica (Schwarz). By
SEN) ds VE SOU Peete ce eee: Lualoseeencaneaeee tar Api oaveee haa tc Slee 233 II.—Remarkable behaviour of a Tigress. By V. S. La Personne, I1I.—The Skin of a Persian Panther (Panthera pardus saaicolor).
By ARE, SPOCOCs ARRAS se a rae tee aca vedic iaa alice eee aoe ee 236 IV Black: sheopands eye iat Mh RI ey care natn an ay che eenae 236 V.—A Carnivorous Bear. By Madansinh of Kutch. ........ is 238
VE Wilds Docs kallinesbyaNiehiea By. te Carlisle «Coll Reems e239 VIIl.—Wild Dogs Hunting and Killing by Night. By Vv. S.
Ia PersOnne, ge Pia aiias ocivs ne eecuan dea co eaulsete cei game 240 VIII.—Carcases of Animals dying of rinderpest avoided by Jackals
and other Carnivora. By BR. ©. Morris, B.g-8. .)......:0-s 242
TX.—Death of an Elephant from Rabies. By J. Beckett. ............ 242
X.—Sounds made by Gaur or Indian Bison (Bibos gaurus). By BR VES SP AGS yi ee See 0h lis clare are ieee ets Oma lee ane 243
XI.—The duration of life of some Indian Mammals. By C. Dover. 244
XII.—The duration of life of some Indian Mammals. Tigers. By
Ry On nies Ye Soe eos oe et eee ae eg ee 250 XI1I.—Record of Big Game Shot in the A Area 1905-1931. By Bie C2 IVEOEPIB, OR ERUS ees average sles anne ee ee 252
XIV.—Small Bore Rifles and Big Game. By Capt. L. D: W. Hearsey 254 XV.—Game Reserves and Flashlight. By F. W. Champion, 1.7.s 255
XVI.—The Penduline Tit (Remiz coronatus Severtzoft) in the Punjab.
By Hy Wi Waites 52% Sonu aien coast tocne ene en tcsen cn emma ce eis Zoi) XVII.—Notes on some Ceylon Birds. By F. N. Betts. .............:....... Zo)
XVIII.—The Status of the Indian Black-headed Shrike (Lanius nigriceps, Frank) in Lower Bengal. By 8. C. Law, ph.p., FZ Ss MBs OW Bo ine cence eas aes Bee ee DO Cee epee eee 259
XIX.—Occurrence of the White-throated Babbler (Argya gularis, Blyth) in Lower Burma. By J. K. Stanford, 1.c.s. <.:... 262
XX.—A Note on the Buntings of Burma. By J. K. Stanford, 1.0.8. 263
XXI.—The Short-eared Owl (Asio f. flammeus) in Burma. By J. K. Stamford esi vO ioe taeda a aie clarence sae aa ee Si Lea ere 265 XXII.—The Occurrence of the Lesser Kestrel (Cerchneis naumannt) Pavel JeGnven (GUNG, en counmnetin) inay leyubeney env JJ, IC Te WeUKO1G6 PRR te GP ation Mt oI EPL e dee sera ARG AMAT oOnbooum Caos 265
XXII1.—Distribution of the Hastern Grey Duck (Anas p. zonoryncha). By ds S@.. Hen gigtn soe aC AS ai La Napa cts smmuirde oe cio Ue oem ontop cea 266
XXIV.—Flower-Birds and Bird-Flowers. By H. G. Champion, 1.F.s. 267
XXV.—A Case of Twin-embryos in the Egg of a Domestic Fowl. By Bro N 2 siunhtarn (Wit hea@ LOGE Ge.) Mennc ance ecncassacaesecees 268
XX V1—Notes “on “Monitor Tizands) Sy Hie As Abreu name seeenecee 269
CONT EINES Ol = Violm XXXVI Now 7 1]
PAGE
XXVII.—The Family of a Russell’s Viper, Vipera russellii, or Chain WASTES IBY AC UE\ Ej LEN iain Syren )oee 613i Cadets ol Ase ABR NAC BAE: 271
XXVIII.—Snakes in Ahmednagar. By Lt.-Col. K. G. Gharpurey, I.M.s. 272 XXIX.—Cases of Snake Bite. By Lt.-Col. K. G. Gharpurey, I.m.s. ... 274
XXX, —A Fish Pest of Fields along the Coromandel Coast [Ophichthys GoTo ee By iV. Pevnkechna Ayyar. (With a plate.) 276
XXXI.—The Food Supply of Trout in the Nilgiris. By Major EH. G.
JPlORTP ANE Oa/s Cl NINS 5 1a/AcSo =). “Soeanponeccesoo0s0bp Buadaobonocb onodce cbddeBe 278 XXXII.—Methods of dealing with Plagues of Ants. LHditors. ............ 279 XXXIII.—Behaviour of the Red Tree Ant (Gicophyla smaragdina). By
She ele ra veiw Min Cup eaCiMn Za Sir diner un. want. Aceieesnol denen ase 280 XXXIV.—A Scorpion (Buthus) feeding on a Galeod Spider (Galeodes
CO UaS) eam yee Cra MECC ac Moyet tte wardesceh sansnoeassucssstes cece 281 SQOOV SA Cuma ioe Aeyoe orn, = IBy7 (C5 Wile Calan, aneitatsls Gosondnosecodosoosode 282
XXXVI.—Some Seagrasses from the Presidency of Bombay. By §8. C. TD HISGAR 2 UTS (O Soa aS Rey oe WA rn a a 284
XXXVII.—Ghimpses of the Vegetation of South Burma. By K. Biswas, Nie Ate a CHIAUE eemonae DUGUCS Mn « ciaueinue nist ateae enn ori s scans hiked huts 285
XXXVIII.—Scent in Relation to Flower-colour. By T. C. N. Singh. XXXIX.—Vernacular Names. By Brigadier-General R. G. Burton.
EAS ® OVEN) TENG, eae ein tiiten ae rae ey ee cee, Moher Meme hh pai une i oO gen Mele aba INP ea 290,
ada a} he f}
vy A
Journ. Bomaay Nar. Hist. Soc.
Meine is
JOHN BALE SONS & DANIELSSON, L™ LONDON
4
SANDPIPER
GREEN
*,
SANDPIPER
Woop
SANDPIPER 4
MARSH
Tringa ochrophus.
Tringa glareola.
Tringa stagnatilis
JOURNAL OF THE Bombay Natural History Society.
NovEMBER 1982. WO SOO Nat, INO, il.
THE GAME BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE. BY eC a OTUNRT aby AKHE, O-1, bo Ee7.9-) iS. oM.B.O.U., H.F.A.0.U. Vorsuve
THE WADERS AND OTHER SEMI-SPORTING BIRDS. Part XVIII. (With a coloured plate). , (Continued from page 721 of Volume XXXV). FAMILY: SCOLOPACIDA. Genus: Ilranga.
Tringa.—lLinn., Syst. Nat., 10th. ed., i. p- 148 (1758).
Type by desig.—Tringa ochrophus Linn.
Blanford included in this genus, which he called Totanus instead of Tringa, eight species of Sandpiper, but these have been separated by other systematists until practically every species has been relegated at one time or another to a genus of its own. This system seems to defeat the very purpose of classification which has created the term genus for a group of species which are nearer to one another than to others which should be placed in other groups. Occasionally a single species may be so aberrant as to deserve recognition by generic separation but this should be exceptional. In the present instance the only birds I separate are the two large Amstrong’s Sandpipers:—Birds with upturned bills and with large webs between the outer and middle toe and practi- cally none between the middle and inner—and the Greenshank, which I include in the genus Glottis, now generally recognised, though possibly without sufficient reason.
In the genus Tringa the bill is long, slender and straight; both mandibles are grooved, the oval nostril being placed near “the base of the bill; the tip of the upper mandible is hard and bent down; the tarsus is about the same in length as the culmen or slightly longer or shorter; it is scutellated in front and behind; the hind toe is present; the outer toe is joined to the middle by a web and
9 FOUN, ISONUBA INAEULRAIL, IeuICa, SOCMBNY, Wol, OO
the inner and middle have a smaller web between them, sometimes almost obsolete.
There is little difference between the breeding and non-breeding plumage, except in Tringa erythropus (fuscus auct.) which has a very dark breeding dress.
As restricted in this work, the genus T7inga contains six Indian species; outside our area it is practically cosmopolitan.
Key to Species.
A. Legs olive-green or yellowish-green, never red. a. Intermediate in size, wing from 1380 to 150 mm. a’. Lower back brown: tarsus a
little shorter than culmen ... 7. ochrophus, p. 2151. b’. Lower back white: tarsus a little longer than culmen soo EL, SUMGNOIS, TD. ALG,
b. Smallest in size; wing from 93 to 128 mm.
GC. NO wihaie om mum) ... soo LL, (oypollewCoS, Do ALT.
d’. Rump white ot ooo, LE GhOreOlG, ~— [D. AY,
B. Legs red. Largest in size: |
ce. Outer secondaries all white ace Ll LOULMUS, (De alle d. Outer secondaries barred brown and
white ne Te LEC TU TOPUS eee a a.
TRINGA OCHROPHUS. The Green Sandpiper.
Tringa ochrophus.—Linn., Syst. Nat., 10th. ed., i, p. 149 (1758) (Sweden); Stuart Baker, Fauna of British India, vi, p. 215 (1929).
Totanus ochropus.—Blanf. & Oates, iv, p. 262.
Vernacular Names.—Nelia ulanka (Tel.).
Description: Breeding plumage.—Upper part and sides of head, back and sides of neck brown, each feather edged with white; mantle brown with a bronze-green gloss, spotted with white, some of the scapulars with blackish-marks between the white spots; lower back and rump blackish-brown with narrow white fringes; upper tail-coverts white; tail with the concealed base white, the rest barred black and white; innermost wing-coverts and secon- daries hke the back; other coverts brown with the same gloss as the back; remaining wing-quills dark brown; chin, throat and whole underparts white, the fore-neck, breast and flanks streaked and barred with dark brown.
Colours of soft parts.—Inis brown; bill dull greenish, black at the tip; legs and feet dull greenish-brown or olive-green.
Measurements.—Wing, ¢ 185 to 150 mm., Q 141 to 154 mm.; tail 54 to 60 mm.: tarsus 32 to 383 mm.: culmen 33 to 36 mm.
In Winter the head and hind-neck are uniform brown, some- times with a greyish tinge; the spots on the back are smaller and
"The page numbers to the Fauna of British India, second edition.
THE GAME BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE
Cs
very inconspicuous whilst, generally, the upper head is more erey-brown with less developed streaks. .
Young birds in the first moult have narrow bronze margins to the feathers of the upper parts; the bands on the base of the tail are narrower and the terminal band broader.
Nestling.—Above deep cinnamon-pink, crown and a line from the bill black, the crown mottled with cinnamon; a black dorsal line from nape to tail-tuft; two lateral black bands on. each side of this; a second lateral black lne across the wings and from these all round the uropygium; upper breast cinnaminon; remaining underparts white.
Distribution.—Throughout Northern Europe and Asia in the breeding season and migrating south in Winter to Africa, India, China, the Indo-Chinese countries and Malaya. !
Nidification.—The Green Sandpiper breeds in the southern portions of the Baltic States and in northern Germany from the end of April to May, whilst in the extreme northern portions of its range eggs may be found from early June to early July. This little Sandpiper has the habit of depositing its eggs in the nests ol other birds, generally those of the Redwing or Fieldfare of the previous year. Among the first to obtain its eges was Herr Passler, who recorded the fact in “Normannia’ for 1851. At the time he believed the egg to be that of the Wood-Sandpiper, cor- recting his mistake in the following year, 1852. Prior to this, however, eggs had been taken by a forester in 1845 and given to Herr Wiess, who refused to believe in their authenticity. In 1846, however, he himself found a nest, presumably that of a thrush, with four eggs of this Sandpiper, in a pine tree some 25 or 80 feet from the ground. In 1856 other eggs were taken by Dr. Altum and in “Normannia’ for that year is a paper by a forester, Hintz, describing the taking of still other eges and adding that he had already found this bird breeding in old nests of the Song Thrush. This paper referred to Western Pomerania. In the Ibis for ’59 a further record of this bird’s breeding was given. Since then a great many eggs have been taken and these nearly always from nests but there are one or two records of the bird breeding on the eround in grass or marsh land in a manner very similar to that of the Wood-Sandpiper. As already stated, the nest generally selected is .one of some species of thrush, probably more often a fieldfare than any other, but Wheelwright in his ‘Ten Years in Sweden’ says that they sometimes lay in a deserted nest of a squirrel, jay, or crow and, sometimes, in new thrushes’ nests, the proper owners having been driven away. The site selected is often one at a considerable distance from water, occasionally indeed, far away even from swamp or marsh land. The nest selected may be anything from 10 to 20 feet from the ground; on the other hand there are records of its eggs having been taken from nests as high as 40 feet up. They are said invariably to select nests in fir-trees but there are certainly exceptions to. this rule, for I have myself records of eggs taken from a redwing’s nest placed quite low down in a birch-tree, and of another set of eges taken from a broken down brambling’s nest placed. in a birch -about
NEC 20 1932
4 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY,+Vol. XXXVI
8 feet from the ground. This is the only record, however, of a brambling’s nest being used and such a choice must be most exceptional. :
The hen bird is said to sit very close, but to slip quietly off the nest when disturbed, slinking away amongst the trees so that it is not always easy to spot her. If suddenly surprised, however, she will sometimes get off the nest and fly straight into the air, where, after mounting to a good height, she twists and turns rapidly, much like the Broad-billed Sandpiper. The cock bird, which probably also shares in the duties of incubation—at all events during the night—has a very sweet little trilling lovesong, accompanied by a quick dipping flight as the bird moves round in circles. Occasionally, however, he will sing to his mate perched on « bare twig at the extreme top of some tree in the vicinity of the nest. The eggs are, as one would expect, always four in number. The ground colour varies between pale-vellowish or greenish-stone, and a rather more deep yellowish-buff. The primary markings generally consist of rather small specks and spots of a dark reddish-brown, occasionally interspersed with others of a rather lighter hue. The secondary markings are tiny spots of lavender or neutral tint. Compared with most Waders’ eggs they are pale and poorly marked, it being very exceptional to find an egg in which the markings are of any size or richness in colour, though one set in the Wolley Collection in Cambridge, is almost as handsomely marked as eggs of the Marsh-Sandpiper. A hundred eges average 389.0x 27.9 mm., maxima 42.0x28.0 mm. - and Al) 30.3 mm... minima 34.6 >26.0) mm and)-34,8><25.5 mma, The period for incubation is supposed to be 18 days but there is very little information on this point.
Habits.—This little Sandpiper is one of our most common winter visitors over the whole of northern India and Burma, though as it wanders south it becomes less numerous. It has, however, been recorded from Ceylon and from south of the Malay Feninsula. It is also one of our earliest arrivals, as I have per- sonal records of its appearance in Assam on the 10th., 12th., and 13th. of August, when it was observed feeding in some numbers in marshes in the Brahmapootra Valley in the district of Dibrugarh. In the’ Surrma Valley, to the south of Assam, it arrives at about the same time; my earliest record being the 6th. of August, when a pair was seen feeding on the edge of a small stream in North Cachar. When the birds first appear in India they may be seen in comparatively large flocks, sometimes as many as fifty or sixty: these seem, however, to break up immedi- ately and the birds disperse at once in small parties of half a dozen or so, or in pairs or singly. |
It is a very quick, active little bird, running rapidly here and there after the insects upon which it principally feeds, or probing in the shallow mud for tiny crustacea and small worms. One summer we noticed them on a lotus-covered swamp, feeding on the tiny httle water snails which were to be found on the lily leaves in great numbers. One bird which I shot contained nothing but a mass of these water snails. Walking on the lily leaves,
THE GAME BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE i
their actions seemed to be much more deliberate than when they were running about on the shore, probably because they had to search carefully for the tiny snails which were generally hidden in the rim of the leaves. ie
When not tired, it is a shy little bird and does not often allow a very close approach, but takes to flight, mounting quickly into the an’, twisting and turning as it mounts, and then flying directly away at great speed. In India the only note that will be heard is a musical little whistle of three syllables, sounding like ‘Twi, twi, twi’. The Green Sandpiper can hardly claim to be ealled a sporting bird. At the same time its flesh is by no means to be
despised.
TRINGA STAGNATILIS. The Marsh-Sandpiper.
Totanus stagnatilis.—Bechstein, Orn. Tasch., 2, p. 292 (1803) (Germany); Blanf. and Oates, iv, p. 263.
Tringa stagnatilis.—Stuart Baker, Fauna of British India, vol. Wily [Do UUG (ULEPAS)).
Vernacular Names.—Chota Gotra (Beng.).
Description: Breeding plumage.—Lores whitish; upper part. of the head, neck and upper back sandy-grey, becoming a little browne: on the inner secondaries and inner wing-coverts; head and neck streaked with black, the streaks becoming broader on the mantle and changing to broken bars on the scapulars and inner secondaries, the longest of which have ‘herring-bone’ markings of black; lower back and rump white; tail pale-brown, greyer at the base, with narrow bars of blackish, then decreasing outwardly until the outermost feathers merely have two narrow longitudinal lines ef dark brown; primaries and outer secondaries dark brown, the latter tinged with grey and both with the inner web speckled with white and brown on two-thirds of their length; primary coverts and edge of wing black; median and secondary coverts brown-grey, narrowly edged with white; lower plumage white, the sides of the neck and head, fore-neck, breast and flanks spotted with black, the spots becoming bars on the sides of the lower breast and the flanks.
Colours of soft parts.—Iris brown; bill dark horny-brown to blackish, the base of the lower mandible paler and greenish; legs and feet dull sage-green, olive-green or bluish-green.
Measurements.—Wing, 3 131 to 1388 mm., 9 133 to 143 mm.; tail 56 to 66 mm.; tarsus 48 to 58 mm.; culmen, ¢ 36 to 89 mm., 3 40 to 45 mm. The supposed form horsfieldi is not any smaller than typical glareola and cannot possibly be separated.
In Non-breeding plumage the forehead, short supercilium, sides of the head and lower plumage are unspotted white; the upper surface is much darker and browner, the shafts showing just a trifle darker, whilst the hinder crown and neck nearly always show a few dark streaks; the sides of the upper breast are generally more ov less marked with brown. |
Distribution,—South-Eastern France, South Russia and the
6 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXVI
Southern Baltic Provinces and Western Asia to Central South Siberia and Turkestan, Dauria and east to Mongolia. In Winter it migrates south to Africa, Palestine, Arabia, India, Burma, Malaya, South China and Awetialia,
Nidification.—The Marsh-Sandpiper breeds in Southern Russia and the Southern Baltic States to Western Asia as far as Turke- stan and Dauria, whence it is said to spread as far as Mongolia. At one time it was perhaps more common in Hungary than any- where else but so many of its breeding haunts have been drained and reclaimed that it has become a very scarce breeding bird in that country. In Poland, I am told, it is still common on the Pinsk Marshes but these cover such an immense area of country that unless one knows the habits of the birds very well, it is rather like hunting for the proverbial needle in the haystack. Higgs have been taken in the last week of April and from then to the first or second week in June, whilst one set, probably a second laying, has been recorded as being taken on the 8th of July.) Whe nest is a typical Sandpiper’s—some natural hollow in among thick short grass on the edges of swamps and marshes. It is said to be generally well lined with grass and to be well hid- den, the bird sitting very close and, if the eggs are at all incubated, refusing to move until she is almost stumbled upon. On leaving the nest her actions are very similar to those of the Dunlin. Sometimes she will tumble off the nest and with dragging wings stageer across the ground in an attempt to lead the intruder away from the nest. At other times she will flick off the nest exactly as the Dunlin so often does, jumping straight into the air with extraordinary rapidity and then, after two quick zigzags, fly straight away. Occasionally the meet may be less well concealed chem usual on a small hummock in the centre of deep swampy eround, but such a site seems to be quite an exception.
The eggs, as usual, are four in number and decidedly hand- some and densely marked, even for those of a wader. The ground colour varies from a pale stone or fawn to a comparatively deep buff, but, though pinkish eggs are not rare, a green tint seems to be very exceptional. Primary markings are bold blotches and smaller marks of chocolate brown or blackish, scattered profusely over the whole egg and generally still more dense at the larger end. The secondary markings are a pale neutral tint, frequently with a distinct tinge of pink. Forty-eight eggs average 38°5 x 2 ii ale annie
Whether the male bird assists in incubation or not, there seems to be no record, but it is said generally to keep somewhere close to the nest while the hen bird is sitting.
Habits.—The Marsh-Sandpiper is found in winter over the whole of India and Burma, extending into Africa, South China and even as far as Australia, whilst it has been recorded from many of the islands of the Australasian area. It is a bird more addicted to inland lakes and swamps than to the seashore and, though not nearly so numerous as the Green Sandpiper, may be generally found wherever there is sufficient marsh land to suit its purpose. In its actions it is very much the same as other small
THE GAME BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE
-J
birds of the genus, running rapidly about in shallow mud or short erass, feeding on insects, worms, coleoptera and tiny crustacea.
This little bird is one of our disturbing factors in determining the genera into which the Sandpipers should be split. For one thing, instead of having a perfectly straight bill, it curves very slightly upwards, although the curve is so shght that it is hardly noticeable and in dried bills may not be visible at all. In this characteristic it rather approaches birds of the genus Glottis and perhaps would justify the classification of some authors by whom they are placed all together in one genus.
Like all Sandpipers, it is not a bad little bird to eat, if one has not much choice, though it would take a great many to make a meal. JI remember, however, once out in camp about a dozen or more Marsh and Green Sandpipers were caught in nets by the Mahomedan wildfowlers and handed over to me for two annas. I
made the skins I wanted as specimens and found the remainder cooked in a pie were really delicious. Those birds, of both species, had been feeding on very small ivory-white worm, apparently probed out of the mud.
TRINGA HYPOLEUCOS.
The Common Sandpiper.
Tringa hypoleucos.—Linn., Syst. Nat., 10th ed., i, p. 149 (1758) (Sweden); Stuart Baker, Fauna of British India, cal Wily [Os Aled (19293.
Totanus hypoleucus.—Blanf. and Oates, iv, p. 260.
Vernacular Names.—Polte ulanka (Tel.); Kotan (Tam.).
Description.—Whole upper parts and tail brown faintly tinged with olive; the feathers from the forehead to the lower back with fine dark central streaks, broadest on the back and scapulars; feathers from lower back to upper tail-coverts, scapulars, inner secondaries and wing-coverts with narrow pale rufous edges and sub-edges of black, most conspicuous on the wing-coverts; central tail-feathers like the back, outer tail-feathers barred black and white, intermediate tail-feathers intermediate in colour; primaries brown, the first white-shafted, the third and following primaries with a patch of white on the inner web; outer secondaries white, the outermost with broad subterminal blackish bands, disappearing on the central feathers; inner secondaries like the back; greater coverts dark brown, tipped with white and the outer edged with white also; chin and throat white; fore-neck and upper breast white with dark streaks and some brown on the sides of the breast; axillaries and remainder of lower plumage white.
Colours of soft parts.—Iris brown; bill horny-brown or grey- brown, darker at the tip; legs and feet pale dull green.
Measurements.—Wing 99 to 119 mm.; tail 50 to 58 mm.; tarsus about: 22 to 25 mm.: culmen 23 to 26 mm. Extreme Western birds have a wing 99 to 112 mm.; extreme Kastern 102 to 111 mm.
In Winter the upper surface 1s more uniform, the head and hind-neck often immaculate; the general tint is also rather more olive
8 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXVI
Nestling in down.—Upper parts darkish cinnamon buff; a line from the upper mandible and the crown blackish and a black line through the eyes meeting behind the crown; centre of nape blackish owing to the black bases of the down showing through the buff tips; a black dorsal line from nape to uropygium; two fainter. lateral bands on the sides of the back and black bands on the wings; lower plumage white, the breast suffused with buff.
Distribution.—Breeding throughout the greater part of Europe to Western Siberia and thence east to Japan and south to Kash- mi and Tibet. Mathews accepts T. h. auritat as a good race on the grounds that it is smaller and paler. I ean find no difference in the size of this httle wader in any special geographical area, nor can I see that HKastern: birds are any paler than Western; I therefore consider aurita to be merely a synonym of hypoleucos.
Nidification.—The Common Sandpiper breeds within our limits all along the Himalayas at altitudes between 9,000 and 12,000 feet and less frequently as low as 5,000 feet. South of the Himalayas the only record of its breeding is that of Scrope Doeg, who records finding a nest in the Hastern Narra, Sind on the 3rd of July. I have not been able to find these eggs anywhere and the authenti- citv of this record is very doubtful. In Kashmir they are very common, breeding for the most part in May and June within a short distance cf, or actually on, the banks of the streams and rivers. Hume records their laying their eggs in mere depressions in the shingle or sand, without lining or with only a little lining of grass, quite unconcealed. As a matter of fact, however, the great majority of nests are well hidden, generally in fairly thick erass or low scrub, under some boulder or in amongst masses of stones. In most cases also, there is either a good lining of grass and leaves, or the grass itself is so beaten down as to form a warm comfortable bed. The earliest record I have for eges is a set taken on the 9th. of May by Mr. 8. L. Whymper at Harsil in the Garhwal Hills, which were found laid in a depression in a shingle bank of the Bhaghiratti River. The latest date I have is the 8th of August—four fresh eggs taken by A. EK. Ward’s collector on the Sind River. Sometimes this Sandpiper makes its nest at some considerable distance away from the bigger rivers and streams and Col. Buchanan informed me that he took several nests in Kashmir in a well-wooded ravine, where they were cleverly concealed amongst bushes or completely hidden under some boulder or over- hanging bank. At the bottom of the ravine there was generally a certain amount of water trickling down, drainage from the surround- ing high ground. Normally the eggs number four, as with all other waders, but Col. K. Buchanan had a curious experience with this bird in Kashmir in 1907. In a letter to me he writes: —
‘T did not know that there was anything strange in this bird’s (Common Sandpiper) laying 5 or 6 eggs. It is never a rare bird in Kashmir but this year in Pahlgaon it was extraordinarily com- mon and I took many nests. Three of these contained 6 eggs and there were several with 5 although of course the great majority
Tringa aurita Latham, Ind. Orn., Suppl., p. [xvi (1801) (Java).
THE GAME BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE i)
had only 4. The meets and eggs were always very well hidden o: I should doubtless have found many more. I took nests from the third week in May to the end of June.’
In ground colour the eggs vary from pale creamy-buff or yellowish-stone colour to a warm-buff or reddish-buff. Normally they are fairly profusely spotted, especially at the larger end, with small spots, blotches and specks of reddish-brown and umber- brown, with others still smaller and less conspicuous of pale-grey cr pinkish-grey underlying them. Rarely the blotches are some- what bolder and larger but, taking the eggs as a series, they are ‘not so handsomely marked as most “Waders’ and a really bold, hand- somely marked clutch is exceptional. 1 have seen Indian clutches in which the markings consist of twisted lines interspersed with a few bold blotches, the majority of these markings, as is generally the case, being confined to the larger end. Eggs almost or entirely without markings are occasicnally found but less often in this species than in some of the other Waders, such as the Ringed Plover.
A hundred Indian eggs average 395.6 x 26.2 aie ; maxima BEG <2ELS iaiveay, endl Bio < 472 alan, p idaueuboarey 312 x 26.3 mm. and 32.2x 24.1 mm. Jourdain gives the average . a hundred British eggs as 36.4x 25.9 mm.
Outside our Indian limits the Common Sandpiper breeds over the greater part of Northern Europe and Asia from Great Britain to Japan, eges being laid from early May to mid June over the Southern portion and in late June in the area nearer or inside the Aretic Circle. In Lapland we found quite fresh eges late in June but. on the other hand. we found one nest with four eges on the poimt of hatching on the third of that month, and these eggs must have been laid during a time of heavy frost and snow. The bird is a close sitter and both parents take a share in incubation, though this is said to be carried on chiefly by the female. In India, however, the male certainly takes its fair share, as among birds trapped on the nest, I have a record of four males to three females. Perhaps this is due to the fact that most of my birds were noosed on their nests during the night and it
may be that, while the female incubates during the das. the male takes over her duties after sunset. Incubation is said to take 21 to 23 days in Europe but the only record I have in regard to India was for 20 days only, dated from the laying of the last egg.
Habits.—The Common Sandpiper occurs in great numbers over the whole of India during the winter and, according to Wait, is equally common throughout the low country of Ceylon, wandering up in smaller numbers as high as Nuwara Hliya. It is equally abundant on rivers and marshes inland as it is on the seashore during the winter, where it may be seen either singly, in -pairs or in small flocks, running about hunting for its food, which consists of all sorts of insects, fresh water mollusea, worms, beetles, ete. It is a very restless little bird and seems to be constantly on the move, alternating a number of little runs with a short flight in the air, after which it returns to its original position. It is an easy bird to distinguish on the wing, having its lower back and
10 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXVI
uppertail coverts all brown, a feature which distinguishes it at a glance from all the other small Sandpipers of about the same size. Further, the broad white bar across the whole upper surface olf the extended wing is a conspicuous help to identification. Its ordinary cry during the cold weather is a sharp but rather pleasant ‘Twit-twit’, uttered by the bird as it takes to wing and less often, in flight. During the breeding season it has a very sweet trill which Witherby syllabifies as ‘Kitty-needie, kitty-needie, kitty- needie’; the bird sings these notes as it flies round in wide circles, ascending and descending with outstretched quivering wings. Like most of the Waders, when disturbed from its nest, the Common Sandpiper goes through all sorts of contortions, as_ if wounded or ill, in an endeavour to entice the intruder from its nest. This little bird is quite good eating but the flesh is rather
dry.
TRINGA GLAREOLA.
The Wood-Sandpiper.
Tringa glareola.—Linn., Syst., Nat., 10th. ed., 1, p. 149 (1758) (Sweden); Stuart Baker, Fauna of British India, vi. p. 215 (1929).
Totanus glareola.—Blanf. and Oates, iv. p. 261.
Vernacular Names.—Chupka, Chobaha, Tutwari (Hind.); Chinna ulanka (Tel.) :
Description: Breeding plumage.—A narrow supercilium and round the eye white; a streak through the eye brown; upper plumage very dark brown, the feathers of the crown and hind-neck streaked with white; elsewhere spotted with white on the edges of the feathers, narrowly edged at the tip with whitish and with the terminal portion almost black; upper tail-coverts white, a few of the longest sometimes streaked with brown; tail banded dark brown and white, the brown in excess on the central, the white on the outermost feathers; primaries, primary coverts and greater coverts blackish; outer secondaries and their coverts hghter brown, with very fine edges of white soon lost by abrasion; sides of head and neck white, spotted and streaked with dark brown; chin and throat immaculate white; breast and flanks white, profusely spotted and barred with brown; remainder of lower parts white, the axillaries barred and the under tail-coverts streaked and barred with brown.
Colours of soft parts.—Iris hazel to dark brown; bill blackish; the base paler horny-green; legs and feet pale sage-green or olive- ereen.
Measurements.—Wing 117 to 125 mm.; tail 45 to 50 mm.; tarsus 86 to 41 mm.; culmen 26°5 to 80 mm. The sexes are alike in size.
In Non-breeding plumage the white spots and black markings are not so well-defined; the fore-neck and breast are a sullied pal brown, indistinctly streaked with darker. !
Nestling.—Upper parts pale cinnamon-pink. <A. broad _ black coronal streak from the upper mandible to the back of the crown; the posterior portion stippled with cimnamon; nape and uropygium tuft dusky-blackish-brown stippled with pink; a black line through
THE GAME BIRDS OF THE INDIAN EMPIRE ala
the eye to the nape; two blackish-brown lines on either side under the wings and on either side of the rump; a patch of the same round the uropygium tuft and another patch not quite so dark round the tibia. Under parts white, the down on the breast tipped with cinnamon.
Distribution.—Breeding throughout Sub-Aretic and Northern Europe and Asia and wintering in Northern Africa, all India and Southern China, through the Australasian Islands to Australia.
Nidification.—The Wood-Sandpiper does not breed within Indian limits but I have found many of its nests in Finland and Lapland, where it lays from the middle of May until the end of June. I know of no nest of any small Wader which is so difficult to find as that of this one. Its breeding haunts are confined within the northern mit of the birch forest, its occurrence out- side this being very exceptional. Its favourite haunt seems to be some swamp in which there is deep and treacherous mud, over- erown with dense undergrowth of tangled dwarf birch, juniper and thick coarse grass, amongst both stunted pine trees and dwarf ‘birches, ee in less or greater profusion. Here on some ham- mock or small dry patch, the bird places its nest, so well concealed that until the bird rises from it and one parts the vegetation, it is impossible to get a glimpse of the eges. The hen bird sits extraordinarily close and even before the full complement of eges are laid will often refuse to take wing until the intruder is within a foot or-two of her. The cock bird is really the easiest. guide to the nest, for its beautiful little song is constantly uttered within a very short distance of it; generally it is uttered as he soars round immediately overhead, or crosses and recrosses over it in short dipping flights. Sometimes, however, he will perch on a bare twig of a fir-tree and sing to his wife from that vantage point. Once having located the male, one may be pretty sure that the nest is within a couple of hundred yards or less of where he sits, after which, a continuous careful search, yard by yard, may pos- sibly bring it to light. Some nests, however, are so carefully hidden as absolutely to defy detection. In Northern Lapland, on three days running, I disturbed a Wood-Sandpiper from her nest evidently placed somewhere under masses of birch branches cut by the Lapps the previous summer and left lying where they had fallen. After the third time I: had put her up and made a fruit- less search, I then twice came out to hunt for her in the middle of the night and, though on each occasion I put her up within ten yards of me, I left Lapland without having discovered the nest.
The nest itself is generally made in a little whorl of grass, or other vegetation, the ends completely .bent over it in a twisted circle, so that even when the bird is suddenly frightened into leaving the nest, the eggs are still completely gorse Unless the sround is very wet, there seems to be no true lining, though the beaten-down grass and fallen birch leaves form a soft bed for the eges to le on. The eges of course number four as usual, but they vary very greatly in colour; those in my own series, which include a large number taken by Wolley in Finland, have the
12 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXVI
ground colour most often a pale ochre yellow or pale buff but others have it distinctly greenish or greyish. In others again, it is a distinct pinky buff. The markings consist of small blotches and spots, reddish brown and blackish brown, generally fairly bold and almost always more numerous at the larger end than else- where, and forming sometimes an indefinite ring or cap. The eggs are decidedly handsome, far more so than those of the preceding bird, the markings being much bolder and standing out more decidedly from the ground colour. A hundred eggs average 38°3 x 26°4 mm. and Jourdain gives the following figures :—
Maxima, 42-0528: 1" s marae anda Bla ae 2 6a, ermine ssmaniraiiancy 35°39 26.0 mm. and 37.0x 244 mm. Incubation according to the Finns is said to take 16 or 17 days.
Habits.—Among the many common Waders which are found in India throughout the cold weather, there are none more numerous than the present bird. They are also amongst the earliest arrivals, the first few birds appearing early in August, and ereat numbers before the end of that month. Soon after their arrival, which occurs in flocks of considerable size, they wander all over India, arriving in Ceylon, where they are common, about the middle of September. Arriving earlier, they also leave later than most of our Waders. A few remain in Ceylon and Southern India until about the middle of April, whilst in Northern India a few birds may still be seen the last week in May. Over the ereater part of its area, it seems to be equally commen both on the seashore, the mouths of tidal rivers and the great marshes found everywhere inland. They are not however confined to these, — and pairs or single birds may be seen by small pools and ponds and even on the banks of hill streams. According to Wait, how- ever, in Ceylon it keeps generally to the salt marshes, tidal flats, and the low shores round lagoons. In Southern India also, both on the West and East, it appears to be entirely a bird of the sea- shore and is comparatively seldom found in the flooded rice fields.
As regards their habits, it is difficult to find anything of especial note differing from other Sandpipers. It has the same strenuous activity, both on the wing and on foot, whilst its food consists of the same items as those of the birds already dealt with. During the cold weather the only note they utter is a shrill little piping ery but, as already described, the breeding song is really very fascinating. Such small birds are not worth shooting for the pot, even when a man is on the outskirts of civilization and finds it hard to get anything to vary his diet, but the flesh is quite palatable and when the birds are fat, as they generally are, not too dry.
(To be continued.)
REVISION OF 'HE FLORA OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. BY HE: BuATrTEerR, s.J., Ph.D., F.u.s. PARTE XSIEXG (With 9 plates.) (Continued from page 736 of Volume XXXYV).
ORCHIDACEAE. BY HH. Buarrer, s.J., Ph.p., F.L.S. & C. McCann, F.L.s. 37. HABENARIA Willd.
Species about 500.—Temperate and tropical countries. Cooke mentions 17 species from the Bombay Presidency. Of these HT. subpubens is being reduced and united with H. Heyneana. H. digitata as conceived by Cooke is split up into H. digitata Lindl. and H. Gibsoni; the variety foliosa is restored to the rank of a species. Sedgwick has described a new species: H. multicaudata and we add 5 new ones: H. Spencei, H. grandi- floriformis, H. variabilis, H. cerea and H. Hallbergii, and one new to the Presidency, H. ovalifolia. Key based on Cooke:
A. Petals 2-partite. Lip 38-lobed or 38-partite
I. Sepals with filiform tips aoe NG 1. H. stenopetala.
Il. Sepals not filiform at the tips
1. Lower segment of petals shorter than the upper
a. Petals bipartite nearly to the base er Le digitata: b. Petals deeply 2-cleft Bo dale jOlhosa. 2. Segments of petals subequal 4. H. Gibson. 3. Lower segment of petal longer than the upper a. Leaves more than one, ‘not roundish * Lobes of lip filiform, fantastically contorted ee son Oa El TIONG MUG, ** Lobes of lip linear a us OQ, lals MeMOGIs “3 Ibe Oi Ikyjog 7 leweereyl — ilhuvovetnay, longer than the broader linear obtuse midlobe Acs a (aE roniflora: b. Leaves 1 or 2, both or at least - the lower roundish * Lip 22 mm. long 3 i oe gnandiilonfornits See linpel2 mim slong ae: oan Jinn egmanauflonae B. Petals entire I. Side lobes of lip broader than the midlobe 1. Lip deeply 8-lobed or 3-partite, not or hardly longer than the lateral sepals a. Side lobes of lip small, rounded 10. H. platyphylla. b. Side lobes of lip large, obliquely trun- cate and denticulate at apex 11. H. suaveolens. 2. Lip deeply 38-lobed or 3-partite, much longer than the lateral sepals a. Lobes of lip not tailed * Spur 11 mm. long, lateral sepals 14 mm. long oe joo) AG del, DaOOUNGs ** Spur reaching 10 cm. long, lateral sepals 12 min. long Ba ... 13. H. longicalcarata. igs Spur 3 cm. long, lateral sepals 5 mm. long ~. 14. Hi. plantaginea.
b. Libes of lip with long filiform til see alone CmmfeEnd.
14> JOURNAL, BOMBAY SNATU RAM: HELSis SOC IE iNaemyoie O@xeyal
II. Side lobes of lp not broader than the midlobe 1. Tubes of the anther-cells long .. 16. H. commelinifolia. 2. Tubes of the anther-cells short a. Stem leafy upwards * Bracts much shorter than the flowers 17. H. cerea. ** Bracts exceeding the flowers sca lis, Jal, Jeloymeama. b. Leaves 3-6, clustered towards the middle or at the base of the stem * Bracts as long as or longer than the ovary + Leaves green throughout, placed near the middle of the stem {1 Side lobes of lip narrow, longer than the linear obtuse midlobe 19. H. affinis. 71 Side lobes linear-oblong, in- curved, as long as or shorter than the ovate-oblong fleshy midlobe ay sae KD). Jal. ovalifolia. ++ Leaves placed near the base of the stem § Leaves with narrow yellow- ish margins wae Bix S§ Leaves without yellowish margins es Sey, ** Bracts much shorter than the ovary, leaves placed near the base of . stem ae foe A EL. OC ONG. c. Leaves 2 (rarely 8), radical or opposite on the stem, broadly ovate or suborbi- culai, cordate at the base * Bracts 12-18 mm. long; lateral lobes
21. H. marginata. 22) ile Ehalibendie
of lip shorter than the midlobe ... 24. H. crassifolia. ** Bracts 6 mm. long; lateral lobes of hp longer than the midlobe soo dal, ohnolnglla.
1. Habenaria stenopetala Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. (1835) 319 (nor 824); Hook. f. F.B.I. vi, 184; King & Pantl. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. ii (1898) 308) te 404. Ckesne ilo (Crele slidbee nod. esica.Wiallza).
Cooke doubtfully gives as synonym: Habenaria modesta Dalz. in Kew Journ, Bot. 1 (1850) 262, and cites in addition Dalz. & Gibs. 267. Dalzell’s plant is quite a different species, very likely Peristylus stenostachyus WKranzl. The stem is leafy at the base and naked above. The bracts are half as long as the ovary, flowers greenish white, lip 38-fid, lateral divisions linear-lanceolate, free spreading, midone shorter ovate obtuse, cohering with the tips of the petals and upper sepal, and concealing the column, spur filiform, hardly clavate, a little longer than the ovary.
Description: Cke. uu, 715.—A very variable plant.
Locality: Konkan (Stocks)—W. Ghats: Parva Ghat (Dalzell 15); Londa (Spooner !);—N. Kanara: Forests, without precise locality (Bell 5404 !).
Distribution: N.-W. India, Sikkim Himalaya, 8,000-6,000 ft. Upper Assam, Bengal, Bihar, Bombay Pres.
2. WHabenaria digitata Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. (1885) 3807; Hook. f. elle nay ee (Gnoaanoys IGryenvdl, Orda, Crem, cy Side 2 GSI) BOs Clke, my, 715 (partim).—H. trinervia Wight Ic. t. 1701.— 8onatea benghalensis Griff. in. Cale; Journ. Nat. Tnstyiv.382:
Cooke has united H. Gibsons Hook. f: with W. digitata Lindl. Cooke mentions in his description that the spur has an erect ligule at its mouth. In H. Gibsoni the ligule is absent. We treat H. Gibsoni as a distinct species.
Description: An erect ground orchid; tuber small, about 25 mm. diam., many fleshy roots from the stem above the tuber; stem tall, 80-60 cm. high, leafy. Leaves 5-12 cm. long, very variable, from ovate or orbicular to ovate- oblong or lanceolate and rarely narrowed into a short petiole, sessile on the sheath, papillosely ciliate. Raceme or spike about 12 cm., rather laxly many- flowered with greenish or green and white flowers with a resemblance to +s
‘uunorW °9 fiq sojvoug
‘quejd oatyuo “[pury vjpjadouszs piwnuaqn 7 ‘aoua0so10YUL oy} Jo dn-asojo eB ‘[pulry v)pjJadouajs piunuaqn[yT
aLVvIg "00G “ISIHR “3RN Avquog ‘‘uanor
Bnet
REVISION OF THH FLORA OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY 15
insects. Bracts large lanceolate, 20-25 mm., often almost foliaceous and exceeding the flowers; pedicels very short or almost absent. Flowers 12-18 mm. broad. Lateral sepals 8-9 mm. long, somewhat obliquely ovate, acute, without filiform tips, dorsal shorter, very concave. Petals bipartite nearly to the base with linear segments, upper broader, erect, recurved, about 6-8 mm. long, lower segment spreading and often recurved; lip tripartite with linear segments, midlobe straight, nearly 12 mm. long, lateral segments more filiform, often decurved, longer or usually shorter. Spur 16 mm. long, subclavate, sometimes inflated, with an erect ligule at the mouth. Anther-cells parallel, tubes short, upcurved; glands of pollinia minute. Stigmatic processes clavate ; rostellum erect, triangular. Capsule shortly pedicelled, 12 mm. long, fusiform with thick ribs.—The flowers sometimes have a disgusting odour (Haines).
Locality: Konkan: Karanja Island (Dalzell & Gibson); Wada (Herb. Econ. Bot. Poona !); Matheran (Paranjpye !).—W. Ghats: Khandala (Hall- berg !); Lonavla (Garade !); Purandhar (Burns); Mahableshwar (Sedgwick 7585 !, McCann 2898 !, 2899 !); Panchgani (McCann 2902! 3029!, Blatter P80 ! 215 !)—S. M. Country: 20 miles W. of Dharwar, in shade of trees (Sedgwick 2686 bis !); near Nagargalli, Belgaum Dist., inside the margin of forest amongst other undergrowth, 2,800 ft. high, rainfall about 80-100 in. (Bell & Sedgwick 2944 !).-N. Kanara: Near Karwar (Talbot !); Yellapur (Talbot !).
Distribution: Jkashmir, Assam, Sylhet, Bengal, Tenasserim, W. Ghats, hill tracts from the Godavari Dist. and Mysore to Tinnevelly 2,000-6,000 ft.
Flowers: July 1917 (near Dharwar); Aug. (near Karwar); Sept. 1930 (Panchgani, Mahableshwar); Sept. 1917 (S. M. Country); Oct. 1882 (Yellapur) ; Oct. 1920 (Mahableshwar).
3. Habenaria foliosa A. Rich. in Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 2, xv (1841) 71; Dalz. GuGibs. bombs Hi 200; Wieht lest 1/00) Kraenzil> Orchids (Gen. & Sp. 1. (s97) 273.—H. digitata Lindl. var. foliosa Hook. f. F.B.I. vi (1890) 185; Cke. ii, 716; Haines Bot. Bih. & Or. 1154; Fischer. in Fl. Madras. pt. viii (1928) 1469.
We follow Kraenzln in restormg H. digitata var. foliosa to the rank of a species.—We are doubtful whether H. laciuuata Dalzell in Kew Journ. Bot. i (1850) 261 can be considered a synonym of H. foliosa. He mentions some characters which certainly do not fit in and which we have not observed in the Khandala specimens. It is more lkely to be a distinct species, but as his specimen cannot be traced it will be difficult to decide the point. We have never found a plant in Salsette which answers completely Dalzell’s description Ol a Vacmiarar
Description: A terrestrial plant, 15-30 cm. high. Stem leafless at base, vaginate, sheaths loose. Leaves 5 by 2.5 cm., elliptic, acute, sheathing at basc, imbricating, decreasing in size above. Racemes dense-flowered. Bracts ovate, acute, convolute at base, longer than the ovary. Flowers greenish or dirty white; sepals ovate; dorsal one broader and shorter than the lateral ones, 6 by 5 mm., lateral ones 8 by 3 mm., lanceolate. Petals, especially the extremities, green, deeply 2-cleft, upper segment 8 by 1.2 mm. long, lower lobe thinner and shorter. Lip 9 mm. long, tripartite to base, segments filiform, subulate, equal; spur 15 mm. long, inflated, length of ovary. Fleshy processes of column long, obtuse.
Locality: Deccan: On the hills about Kadakvasla near Poona (Cooke).— W. Ghats: Khandala, under a hedge (Sedgwick 2586 !); Mahableshwar (Talbot 4450 !).—N. Kanara: Karwar (Talbot 1902 !).
Distribution: Nilgiris, 4,000-7,000 ft. (Fischer), Manbhum (Haines).
Flowers: July 1917 (Khandala); Aug. 1889 (Karwar); Oct. 1905 (Maha- bleshwar).
4. WHabenaria Gibsoni Hook. f. F.B.I. vi (1890) 135.—H. digitata Cke. ii, 16 (partim).—H. digitata Lindl. var. Gibsoni Fischer Fl. Madras pt. viii (1928) 1469.
We give first Hooker f.’s description :
A terrestrial plant; stem 20-30 cm. high, very stout, leafy; leaves 10-15 cm. long, lnear-oblong; base sheathing. Racemes short, 6-8-flowered; bracts 25-38 mm. long, equalling or exceeding the ovary, membranous, broadly lanceolate, the lower exceeding the flowers. Flowers 25 mm. diam. Petals bipartite, segments narrow, subequal, upper segment broadest, fleshy; lip tripartite, segments linear-subulate, subequal, fleshy. Anther broad. Stigmatic
16 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXV1
processes adnate to the back of the broad mouth of the spur, spur without a hgule; rostellum small, triangular, exposed.
So far Hook. f. We add some of our observations :
Tuber 1, egg-shaped, small. Stem up to 385 cm., lower third covered with sheaths, then 1-3 ovate or obovate acute or mucronate leaves, followed by lance- olate leaves which are longer upwards, the top leaf. sometimes exceeding the inflorescence. Leaves very thin, darker grass-green on the upper, very pale on the lower side, lanceolate or linear—or oblong-lanceolate-mucronate or acuminate, up to 15 by 3°5 cm., many nerves distinctly visible on the upper side. Racemes lax, secund or subsecund, up to 8 cm. long, 4-7-flowered. Flowers white, base and nerves of dorsal sepal greenish; column and rostellum green, clavate tips of spur green. Not smelling.
The following points distinguish this species from H. digitata Lindl.: The plant is more robust, the leaves are longer and narrower, the raceme is much shorter and the flowers much larger and fewer, the bracts are larger and there is no ligule at the mouth of the spur.
Locality: . Konkan: Hills W. of Mulland, Salsette (McCann !).— W: Ghats: Khandala (McCann 25814 !, Blatter & Hallberg 25815 !, Blatter 25813! 25843!, Hallberg 26527!). Gibson mentions the same locality.
Distribution: Mysore (ex Fischer).
Flowers: July 1917 (Khandala); Aug. (Salsette).
Yar. foetida Blatter & McCann, var. nov.
[Planta valde foetens. Processus stigmatict adpressi ad labellum a _ latere faucium calearis (non ad dorsum faucium). Ovarium tortuosulum. Lobus labelli centralis latior quam in typo. |
Description: Dorsal sepal green; lateral sepal white, tinged with green. Upper lobe of petals green, lower green, white at base. Midlobe of lip broadest, all lobes green, white at base. Spur clavate, green, mouth without « ligule. Anther: Cells diverging below, separated from each other; connec- tive green. Staminodes: 2 warty elongated greenish white processes. Ros- tellum shorter than anther, triangular, green, not united with or overlapping channel of anther-cells which open out just outside the lateral lobes of ros- tellum. Stigma: 2 oblong processes, white, appressed to the lip at the side of mouth of spur. Gland of pollinia exposed. Ovary twisted. Flower smelling badly.
Locality: Khandala, Monkey Hull (Hallberg! in Herb. St. X.C.)
Flowers: June 1917.
5. Habenaria multicaudata L. J. Sedgwick in Rec. Bot. Surv. India vi (1919) 852; Fischer Fl. Madras pt. vin (1928) 1469.
Description: An erect slender herb, up to 50 cm. high. Lower part of stem covered with obtuse appressed sheaths; the muddle part leafy. Leaves elliptic-oblong, acute, many-nerved, trabeculate between the nerves, 6-15 cm. long, 4-4 cm. wide. Racemes up to 18 cm. long, many-flowered. Bracts 15 mm. long, shorter than the beaked ovary. Pedicel with the ovary up to 22 mm. long. Flowers white, spur brown and lip soon getting brownish. Dorsal sepal erect, cucullate, 6 by 4 mm., 3-nerved. Lateral sepals 8 by & mm., ovate, slightly falcate, acute, 3-nerved. Lateral petals bipartite, upper lobes erect, filiform, scarcely longer than the dorsal sepal, lower lobes up to 1é mm. long, filiform, fantastically contorted. Lip 3-partite, midlobe 10 mm. long, filiform, lateral lobes up to 25 mm. long, filiform, fantastically con- torted. Spur 12 mm. long, curved, slender, shghtly clavate at tip and sub- acute. Anther-cells very conspicuous and very large for the size of the flowe:, contiguous above, below broadly divaricate, tubes projecting. Pollinia very large, pyriform, caudicles scarcely longer; gland minute. Stigmatic processes elongate, appressed on both sides to the basal margins of the lip. Rostellum obscure.
Locality: N. Kanara: Guddehalli, a mill close to the sea-coast near Kanwau,l.a00) it. Mamta lel) 0 =n (ah eee cllig 04 58! ssatyioen amnimlteriDe: Blatter); Karwar Hulls, im thick jungle (2. WR. Bell 7871 bis!); Kategal (Talbot !).
Distribution: N. Kanara, Nilgiri Hills, Anamalai Hills in Karianshola at 2,200. ft. (Fischer).
Flowers: Aug. 1888, 1920, Sept, 1917 (N. Kanara).
Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Puate I]
Del. C. McCann.
Habenaria rariflora A. Rich.
Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Sec. : Puate Iil
_ Habenaria Spence: Blatter & McCann, sp. nov.
REVISION OF THE FLORA OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. 17
6. Habenaria Spencei' sp. nov. Blatter & McCann.
[Pertinens at sectionem Ate similis est Habenariae digitatae Lindl. a qua tamen differt omnibus florum partibus muito nunoribus, lobis petalorum superioribus non intra sepala lateralia positis sed porrectis abeuntibus ultra sepala lateralia, lobis petalorum inferioribus quam superores longioribus, sepalis lateralibus anguste ovato-lanceolatis acuminatis, sepalo dorsali ovato- acuminato cucullato 5-nervoso apice subobtuso, calcare paulo ovario breviore fusifornu dorsi-ventraliter applanato. |. :
Description: Tubers undivided, elliptic, up to 3:4 cm. long; roots arising from the base of the stem, forming tubers. Stem about 45 cm. high, leafy in the upper half, with closely appressed sheaths in the lower. Leaves oblong- lanceolate, acuminate, membranous, pale green, sheathing at base, margin wavy, midrib depressed above, 3 less distinct parallel nerves on each side. Flowers pale yellow-green. Racemes lax, about 8-11—flowered, flowers on one side. Bracts usually shorter than the flowers, about 2 cm. long, ovate-lanceo- late, acuminate. Pedicels hardly 1 mm. long. Dorsal sepal ovate-acuminate, cucullate, subobtuse at the apex, 7°5 mm. long, 8-nerved; lateral sepals up to 8:5 by 3°5 mm., narrowly ovate-lanceolate-acuminate, subfalcate, spreading. Petals 2-partite; upper segment as long as the dorsal sepal, subfalcate, linear, acute; lower segment narrower, filiform, slightly longer than the upper, spreading, recurved. Lip 3-partite, segments linear, acute, the middle one slightly longer than the lateral, 9 mm. long, lateral segments recurved, margin of midlobe reflexed. Spur slightly shorter than the ovary, 10°5 by 3 mm., spindle-shaped, dat dorsiventrally, lower portion whitish, rest greenish, with a ligule at the mouth. Stigmatic processes subclavate, not appressed to the lip. Anther-cells parallel, tubers upcurved, rostellum shorter than the anther, tri- angular, apiculate. Fruit not seen.
Locality: W. Ghats: Mahableshwar, Fitzgerald Ghat, in dense jungle, 4,000 ft. (McCann 3026! type, 3027! cotype).
Flowered: 28th. August 1980.
7. Habenaria rariflora A. Rich. in Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 2, xv (1841) 70, tony D7) Dalza ts Gibss. Bomb. Miles 268: Wight Wes 1.9245) Kraenzl. Orchid. Gentencan opin (loo) 2h i Ckem niin lon Enscher hia Madras: spots svat (Gl928) 1469.—H. uniflora Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. in (1851) 344.
Description: Cke. 11, 716.—Lip up to 15 mm. long; lateral segments of lip longer than or as long as, the midlobe; the lateral segments have a tooth- like lobe on the outer side near the apex.
Locality: Konkan (Stocks).—Deccan: Karkula, near Poona (Woodrow).— W. Ghats: Khandala (Hallberg 26497!, Blatter 25842!); Purandhar (Barnes, Bhide!); Panchgani (Cooke!, Blatter 211!, Frenchman 212!, Sedgwick 7911 bis !); Pasarni Ghat (McCann !).
Flowers: July 1917 (Khandala); July 1925 (Panchgani); Aug. 1919 (Khandala); Aug. 1921 (Panchgani); Sept. 1930 (Pasarni Ghat.).
Distribution: Konkan, Deccan, W. Ghats of Bombay and Madras Pres., 2,000-6,000 ft., Horsleykonda at 4,100 ft., Kollimalai Hills.
Var. latifolia var. nov. Blatter & McCann.
[Folia ovato-acuta vel ovato-acuminata, ad 5 cm. longa et 2-3 cm. lata. Calcar quam in typo brevior. |
Locality: Panchgani, 3rd. milestone towards Wai (Frenchman 213 #!).
Flowers: July 1925.
Note: It is not impossible that this variety is a hybrid between Habenaria rariflora A. Rich. and H. grandiflora Lindl.
8. Habenaria grandifloriformis sp. nov. Blatter & McCann.
[Orchidacea similis Habenariae grandiflorae Lindl. a qua tamen differt folio secundo valde variabili nunc simili primo, tunc oblongo-lanceolato et fere acumi- nato, petiolo vaginanti 1 cm. longo, racenus 1-7 floris, bracteis multo longioribus et ovarus aequilongis ovato-oblongis acutis, pedicellis quam ovaria duplo longio- ribus, sepalis lateralibus multa largioribus 5-nervosis, petalorum segmentis inferioribus longissimis, labio 22 mm. attingenti, labti lobis lateralibus medio: multo longioribus, calcare usque ad 4 cm. longo. |
Description: Terrestrial. Tuber irregular, undivided, usually flattened on one
* After Sir Reginald Spence, for many years Hon. Secretary of the Bombay Natural History Society. :
a
ig JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXVI
side, sometimes round, roots arising above the tuber, fleshy, brittle, numerous. Whole plant 7-22 cm. high, very slender. Leaves 1 or 2. Lower leaf broadly ovate, acute or orbicular-acute, apiculate, sometimes broader than long, base cordate amplexicaul, basal lobes rounded, up to 8 cm. long, 7 cm. broad, second leaf varying a good deal, shape as of first leaf, but generally narrower, sometimes oblong-lanceolate, almost acuminate, apiculate, basal lobes smaller, petiole sheathing about 1 cm. long. Flowers white, faint-scented, in lax 1-7- tlowered racemes; scape ribbed and striate, with one sheath; bracts: . lowest 4.2 cm. long, 1.3 broad, ovate-oblong, acute, green, getting smaller upwards, topmost subscarious. Pedicels up to 5 cm. long, much longer than the ovary, ribbed, ribs continuous with those of ovary. lateral sepals 1.5 cm. long by 6 mm., broadly ovate-triangular, very oblique, almost acute, 5-nerved, nerves only in fading flowers distinctly visible; dorsal sepal 9 mm. long, 6 mm. broad, ovate, obtuse, apiculate, 5-nerved, cucullate. Petals 2-partite; upper segment & mm. long, 5 mm. broad, in shape resembling the lateral sepals, but shorter or almost semi-ovate-orbicular, lower segment 17 mm. long, filiform. ip 44 mm. long, s-partite, segments spreading, lateral segments filform- to oval- shaped, about 5 mm. longer than the middle one; midlobe lnear-lanceolate, or linear-oblanceolate, blunt at apex or slightly apiculate, 2 mm. broad. Spur up to 4 cm. long, curved, whitish above, lower part green, flattened, club- shaped at tip, with a groove on each flattened side. Anther 3-cuspidate, the middle one longest; cells parallel, tubes longer than broad, slightly diverging; gland of pollina large, orbicular, milky. Stigmatic processes large, club-shaped, white-waxy. -Rostellum 3-lobed, the midlobe narrowly linear-apiculate, erect, hidden between the anther-cells, but longer than the cells, the side lobes very short, thicker than the midlobe, lying parallel with the stigmatic lobes. Ovary elongate-oblong, 6-lobed, slightly curved, 17-22 mm. long, green. Capsule having the shape of the ovary, curved, 2.8 cm. long, 0.5 cm. wide, truncate at top.
Called ‘Snowdrop’ locally at Panchgani.
Locality: W. Ghats: Panchgani, in grassland on Tableland (Blatter P. 20 ! type, P. 22 ! P. 23; cotypes. Sedgwick 7900 !); Khandala, in grassland, abundant (Blatter 25835 !, Hallberg 26501 !).—Deccan: Satara (Hallberg !).— S. M. Country: Dharwar, grassy hills, abundant (Sedgwick 2601 !).
The most common orchid at Panchgani, growimg in almost any locality: in grass, in fields, along roads, and in rocky places.
Flowers: June and July 1925 (Panchgani); July 1917 (Dharwar, Khandala) ; Aug. 1916 (Khandala); Nov. 1921 (Panchgani).
Fruit: Aug. 1916 (Khandala).
The flowers appear after the first monsoon showers and new flowers have been noticed at Panchgani from the end of May to November.
Vai. aequiloba var. nov. Blatter & McCann.
[Labi lobi laterales lobo medio aequilongi vel eo breviores, surgentes 4 mm. supra labu basim. |
Locality: Panchgani (Blatter P. 20a, type).
Flowers: Middle of July 1925.
9. Habenaria grandiflora Lindl. in Wall. Cat. (1828) 7082; Dalz. & Gubs. Bomb. El. 267; Hook. fi. H2Balk. vi5 136; hadenzl- Orehide Gene caispy wdso7) 3387; Cke. ii, 716; Fischer Fl. Madras pt. vii (1928) 1469.—H. rotundifolia Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. (1835) 306.
Description: Cke. 1, 716.
Locality: Konkan: (Stocks, Law).—Deccan: Maval, Poona Dist. (Stocks); Shivapur (Cooke !); Sinhagad, near Poona (Woodrow !, Bhide !); Purandhar (Woodrow !).—W. Ghats: Mahableshwar (Cooke !); Khandala (Sedgwick 9627 !).—S. M. Country: Belgaum (Stocks, Talbot 2436 !).
Distribution: Konkan, Deccan, W. Ghats, Bababudan and Shevaroy Hills.
10. Hahbenaria platyphylla Spreng. Syst. Veg. in (1826) 690; Grah. Cat. Q0Ie Wight aca ta W09Elook sat. ih sS2hSvipw40; irae: Onehid Gents csp i (1897) 411; Cke. ii, 717; Haines Bot. Bih. & Or. 1155; Fischer I'l. Madras pt. viii (1928) 1470.—Orchis plantaginea Roxb. Corom. Pl. t. 37.
Description: Cke. ii, 717.—We have never seen a specimen of this species. There seems to be a difference of opinion with regard to the number and size of the leaves. Hooker mentions 3-6, which are 8-5 in. long, Cooke has the same number, but 2-4 in. long, Fischer has observed the same number of
Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Prate IV
Del. C. McCann.
Habenaria variabilis Blatter & McCann, sp. nov.
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REVISION OF THE FLORA OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY 19
leaves, but 1.5-5 in. in length. These discrepancies can be reconciled with each other. Haines, however, differs entirely: ‘Leaves,’ he Says, ‘always 2 wherever I have seen it (ranging from Chota Nagpur to Chanda in the Central Provinces)’. The length of his leaves is 1.5-3 in.
Locality : Konkan, Belgaum, Dharwar.
Distribution : Chota Nagpur, Central Provinces, Konkan, 'S. M. Country, in all districts of Madras Pres. near sea-level up to 3,500 ft. Sis
11. Habenaria suaveolens Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. 11 (1850) 263; Dalz. & Gibss bombast Zor chook. fH be van 40); Kaaenzl Orchid, Gene & Sp. 1 (1897) 416; Cke. 11, 717; Fischer Fl. Madras pt. vin (1928) 1470.
Locality: Konkan (Dalzell); between Vengurla and Malvan, rare (Dalzell & Gibson.)
Distribution: Konkan, Bababudan Hills. . ;
12. WHabenaria variabilis sp. nov. Blatter & McCann.
[Persimilis Habenariae suaveolenti Dalz. sed. differt foliis minoribus nunguam linearibus vel lineari-oblongis, floribus multo largioribus in racenus densis usque ad 11-floris, labio sepalo dorsali duplo longiore, labu lobo medio 5 mm. lato, calcare ovario multo breviore, pollinis oblongis aliquomodo obliquis .minime clavatis, caudiculis tenuissimis, glandibus disciformi-oblongis profunde concavis. |
Description: ‘Tuber ege- shaped, undivided; roots many, stout, fleshy, brittle, arising from ore ite tuber. Stem up to 12-22 cm. high, clothed at the base below the leaves with a few sheaths. eaves 3-5, arising about 3 cm. above ground, 4-8 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. broad, sheathing, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, subacuminate or acuminate, 5-nerved, followed higher up by 1 or 2 bract-like oblong- or ovate-lanceolate acuminate leaves. Flowers ,large, white, fragrant, in few- to many-flowered (usually 3-4, but also 2-11) secund or subsecund dense racemes (base of upper flower touching the tip of lewer); bracts 2 by 1 cm., ovate-acuminate, getting smaller upwards, shorter than the pedt-. celled ovary, very rarely exceeding it; imflorescence 4-12 cm. long. Lateral sepals 14 by 6 mm., elongate-triangular, falcate, acute; dorsal 11 by 6 mm. broadly ovate-acute, cucullate. Petals 12 by 7 mm., obliquely ovate-acute, almost covered by dorsal sepal. Lip 22 by 24 mm., divided into 3 lobes -to:‘half ‘way down more or less; side lobes up to 9 mm. broad, obliquely truncate, the truncate part finely crenulate; midlobe slightly longer than the side lobes, 5 mm. broad, broadly or narrowly lanceolate, sub-acute. Spur:ll_ mm. long; straight or very slightly bent. near base, much shorter than the ovary, subclavate at apex, white near base turning greenish towards apex. Gynostemium 4-5 ‘mma: Anther-cells parallel, apex acute, a central longitudinal groove :on back; anther- tubes 0; pollinia 2.5 mm. long, oblong, slightly oblique, yellow, granular; caudicles slender, white, transparent, as long or shorter than the pollinia’;! pollen yellow, oblong, obliquely truncate at both ends, slightly flattened. Glands exposed, disk-shaped-oblong, deeply concave above, white-transparent. Stigmatié processes very short, greenish yellow::.Rostellum triangular. Ovary 17 mm. long, sessile or subsessile, elongate, 6-ribbed. Fruit sessile or subsessile, 2.5 cm. long, 7 mm. diam., spindle-shaped, with 6 strong ridges, green.
Locality: W. Ghats: 8rd. milestone from; Panchgani to Wai (Frenchman P. 21 ! type); Panchgani on ae ae in grass (Hallberg 26494.-!, Blatter P. 55 ! 200 ! 201 ! 202 ! 208 ! 204 !, Sedgwick 7908 bis !); Mahableshwar, on rocky ground near lake (Mozelle IESE ame Blatter 205 ! 206 !, McCann ‘!). Very common at Panchgani. ae a
Flowers: July 1925 acest, Mahableshwar); Aug. 1925 (Panchgani)3
The flowers are all turned eastwards on the Tableland ‘of Panchgami owing in all probability to the strong west wind.
Note: Our first impression was that this plant was identical with Hanenarid suaveolens Dalz. Only when we had seen Dalzell’s specimen collected in ‘the Konkan (Herb. Calcutta) it became evident that our specimens belonged to a different species, though approaching H. suaveolens with regard. to’ many
oints. ; Z The new species is very variable, at least regarding size and shape of ¥lip: The illustration shows a number of variations en eoaild easily be. multiphed.
We are inclined to think that our species is a hybrid between H. suaveolens and another species not known to us. It is also possible that the’ Hew species is in a state of evolution, perhaps derived from H. suaveolens. —
It is surprising that this plant should not have been noticed Bere But
20 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXVI
the same fate has attended many other ground orchids and other Monocoty- ledons. The explanation why they have been overlooked is very likely to be found in the fact that the W. Ghats are not usually visited during the rains.
18. Habenaria longicalcarata A. Rich. in Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 2, xv (1841) 71, t. 3, B; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 268; Wight Ic. t. 925; Hook. f. F.B.I. vi, 141; Kraenzl. Orchid. Gen. & Sp. i (1€97) 418; Cke. ii, 718; Haines Bot. Bih. & Or. 1156; Hischer Hl. Madras pt. viii (1928) 1470.—H. longicorniculata Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI]. (1889) 202.
How to distinguish this species from H. decipiens Wight and H. longi- cornu Lindl. see Fischer in Journ. Ind. Bot. Soe. vi (1927) 118.
Description: Cke. 11, 718. ; :
Locality: Konkan (Jacquemont 598); Ambenali (McCann !); Konkan Ghats (Stocks 22); Khandala to Kampoli (Garade !).-—Deccan: Purandhar (Kanit- kar !): Katray Ghat (Blatter & Hallberg 26526 !, Garade !, Shevde !).— W. Ghats: Khandala (Chibber 90 !, Gammie 15467 !); Lonavla (Herb. Econ. Bot. Poona !); Bhor Ghat (Cooke !); Castle Rock {T. R. Bell 4370 !).— S. M. Country: Near Belgaum, abundant (Dalzell & Gibson); Londa (Spooner !); W. of Dharwar (Sedgwick).—N. Kanara: Yellapur (Talbot ! Herb. Calc.); Siddhapur, grassland (Sedgwick 7010 !).
Distribution: Konkan, Deccan, W. Ghats. S. M. Country, N. Kanara, throughout the W. Ghats of the Madras Pres., Bellary Dist., Bihar and Orissa. i es July 1882 (Yellapur); Aug. (Katraj Ghat); Sept. 1918 (Castle
ock).
Fruit: Oct. 1919 (Siddhapur).
b)
Var. viridis var. nov. Blatter & McCann.
[Planta 90 cm. alta. Folia adnumeratis foliis superioribus bracteiformibus 20. Racemus 6-florus. Sepalum dorsale, rostellum necnon anthera pallide viridia. Sepalum dorsale album viridi-subfusum. Petala viridia. Processus stigmatics et staminodia minuta atro-viridia. Rostellum distinctum. |
Locality: W. Ghats: Khandala” (Hallbere 1) Herb. (St. 2) {C:).
14. Habenaria plantaginea Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. (1835) 323; Wight Tem t: 1710; “Hook: f-- Baky vi, 140) Mim, Hl @eyl. iv. 229). kraengleOnehid: Gen. & Sp. 1 (1897) 413; Prain Beng. Pl. 1030; Duthie in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Cale, 1x, pt: 2, 18l-t. 132;>Ckes 11; (18> Haines ‘Bots Bihty & Ors loo; Fischer Fl. Madras pt. viii (1928) 1470.—Orchys platyphyllos Roxb. FI. Ind. iv (1882) 609.
Description: Cke. u, 718.
Locality: Konkan: (Dalzell); Mathsran (Birdwood); Ambenali, below Maha- bleshwar (McCann & Blatter !)—W. Ghats: Ambenali Ghat near Lonavla (Kanitkar); Mahableshwar, forests (Sedgwick 4555 !, Sedgwick’s collector 7591 bis !).—N. Kanara: Siddulgundi (Talbot 701 !); Guddehalli, above Karwar (Bell !); Katgal, evergreen (Sedgwick 6865 !).
Distribution: Outer Himalayan ranges of Garhwal and IKumaon up to 7,000 ft., Sikkim, Bengal, Bihar, Central India, Konkan, W. Ghats, Deccan, N. Kanara, in all districts of the Madras Pres., 800-4,000 ft.
Flowers: Oct. 1980 (Ambenali); Oct. 1920 (Mahableshwar); Nov. 1918 (Mahableshwar); Nov. (N. Kanara).
15. Habenaria crinifera Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. (1835) 3828; Dalz. & Gibs;, Bomb: BPI 2693) Waghtwilles t. 79265) Miri. aie Cevlsiy, «220 lloole sat. F.B.I. vi, 142; Kraenzl. Orchid.’ Gen. & Sp. i (1897) 424; Cke. u, 718; Fischer Fl. Madras pt. vii (1928) 1471.—H. schizochilus Grah. Cat. Bomb. Pl. (1889) 252.
Description: Cke. u, 718.
Locality: Konkan: Vengurla (Dalzell & Gibson).—S. M. Country: Ramghat (Dalzell ex Stocks 5).
Distribution: Konkan, 8S. M. Country, W. Ghats of Madras Pres. below 4,000: ft.
_ 16. Habenaria commelinifolia Wall. ex Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. (1835) 825; Kraenzl. Orchid. Gen. & Sp. i (1897) 822; Hook. f. F.B.I. vi, 148; Prain Bengal Pl. 1081;.Cke..i11, 719; Duthie in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Cale. ix, pt. 2, 183, t. 184; Haines Bot. Bik. & Or. 1157; Fischer Fl. Madras pt. vii
Journ., Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Puate VI
Del. C. McCann.
Habenaria cerea Blatter & McCann, sp. nov.
REVISION OF THE FLORA OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY 21
(1928) 1470.—Orchis commelinifolia Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii (1882) 451; Grah. Cat. Bomb. Pl. 201.
Description: Cke. 11, 719.—We add the following details: Tubers large, ellipsoid or cylindric. Leaves acute or often subspinescent at the apex, margins pale. Bracts scaberulous on both surfaces, ciliolate on the margins. Sepals scaberulous, dorsal greenish with white margins; lateral sepals spreading, with many veins deeply looped or arched. Midlobe of lip linear, channelled above, curved, tapering, with a knee about 1 mm. from the tip, scaberulous. Spur slender, curved downwards, its upper portion funnel-shaped and white, the apex clavate, green. Anther-cells elongate, distant, diverging at the base; tubes long, straight, fused with the arms of the rostellum along their whole length. Pollinia small, oval, yellow, caudicles very long, 10 mm., very elastic, filiform, broader above, translucent; glands minute, orbicular. Staminodes white, seated on the long arms of the white column and curving round in front of the anther-tubes.
According to Cooke the dorsal sepal measures 10 mm. and the lateral ones 12 mm. Duthie says that the lateral sepals are much shorter than the. dorsal one. In Hallberg’s specimen from Salsette the dorsal sepal measures 6 mm. only.
Locality: Konkan: (Dalzell); Salsette (Hallberg !); S. of Tulsi lake in grassland (McCann !); Bassein (Ryan 1841 !); 8. Konkan in pasture lands (Graham).—Deccan: Purandhar (Bhide !).—W. Ghats: Khandala (Woodrow).— N. Kanara: Yellapur, in forests, 2,000 ft. (T. R. Bell 3101 ter !); in ever- green and deciduous forest (Talbot 702 !).
Distribution: Outer ranges of W. Himalaya, from the Punjab to Kumaon, up to 5,000 ft., extending eastwards to Parasnath, 'Chota Nagpur, Bihar and Upper Burma, Central India, Konkan, W. Ghats, Deccan, N. Kanara, Baba- budan Hills.
Flowers: Oct. 1919 (Yellapur).
17. Habenaria cerea sp. nov. Blatter & McCann. :
[Sect. Trimeroglossa. Accedit ad H. Heyneanam Lindl. sed facile distin- guitur foliis distichis vel subdistichis minime subimbricatis, bracteis quam fiores multo brevioribus, sepalis inaequalibus, floribus multo maioribus gene- ratim albis, calcare medio aliquantulum incrassato non sibclavato apice medium ovarium attingente, glandula triangulari non orbicular. |
Description: A terrestrial plant. Tubers 1 or 2, globose or oblong, strong fleshy fibrous roots arising above the tuber and for about 2.5 cm. above it on the stem. Stem up to 25 cm. high, stout, straight, rigid, leafy. Leaves alter- nate, distichous or subdistichous oblong or ovate or ovate-oblong, acute or acuminate, apiculate, leathery, rigid, 4.5 cm. by 15-18 mm., main nerve deeply depressed above, prominent beneath, the lower leaves smaller, the upper passing into bracts, sheathing at base. Flowers generally white, sometimes greenish yellow, sometimes both on the same plant, fleshy, wax-like, rigid, secund, growing at a right angle to the stem, shortly pedicellate, pedicel 1- 2 mm. long, in dense racemes 4-6 cm. long, flowers touching each other. Bracts imbricating, broadly ovate, cucullate, 3-5-nerved, acute or acuminate, getting smaller upward, much shorter than the flowers, margin scarious, (devoid of chlorophyll). Pedicels with ovary up to 17 mm. long. Lateral sepals up to 10 mm. long, 4 mm. broad, oblong, falcate (i.e. straight on the upper, rounded on the lower edge), spreading; dorsal sepal ovate-oblong, rounded at tip. Petals up to 9 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, falcate, acute. Lip up to 10 by 6 mm. long, claw 1 mm. long and broad, a little above the claw the lip divided into 3 parallel lobes; midlobe 7 by 2-3 mm., oblong, blunt; side lobes linear, 5 by 1-1.5 mm. blunt, not in the same plane as the midlobe, but slightly raised, all bent down. Spur 7-8 mm. long, green, straight, appressed to the ovary, uniformly thick except for a very slight thickening in the middle, only half as long as the ovary. Caudicles very slender, transparent, as long as the diameter of the large spherical yellow pollinia; gland flat, triangular, white. Pollen grains mostly triangular. Stigmatic processes large, spreading, in the lower part adnate to the claw of the lip; no anther-tubes. Fruit spindle-shaped, about 12 mm. long, 4 mm. diam., strongly 6-ribbed; pedicel 4 mm. long, adnate to the axis.
A very distinct species, not variable at all except regarding the size of the different parts of the flower in young and adult flowers and in plants
22. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXVI
growing in different localities. The stem is usually stout and rigid, but some- times in shady places slender, with fewer leaves more distant from each other. his species approaches Habenaria Heyneana. It differs, however, in the following details: Flowers generally white, leaves differently shaped and dis- tichous, or subdistichous, bracts much shorter than the flower, shape of lateral and dorsal sepals different. Flowers larger, spur not subclavate at tip, but with a slight thickening about the middle, gland flat triangular, not orbicular. _. Locality: .W. Ghats: Panchgani, Tableland, 4,400 ft., rainfall 60 in., in grassland (Blatter P. 73 aby peg ee (Ae to IP, 76 | cotypes, Sedgwick 7907 bis, ! 7568 !): Mahableshwar, near Lake (McCann _#!).,
Very common on the First Tableland of Panchgani, in grassland, visible from a great distance in the very short grass. We have found it in flower during Aug., Sept. and beginning of Oct.
Locally the plant is called ‘Tooth-Brush’; the name is not very poetical but expressive,
Var. polyantha var. nov. Blatter & McCann.
[Multo maior quoad omnes partes vegetativas atque sexuales. Flores in 3-5 seriebus longitudinalibus parallelis dispositt et valde numerosi (usque ad 40).] :
We: found this plant on the 25th. Aug. 1926 in grassland on the Third Tableland of Panchgani. The ground was simply covered with it, all the flowers turned eastwards. (Blatter 255 ! type.)
We have long doubted whether we should make this plant a new species or a variety of H. cerea. We cannot find the slightest difference between the flowers of the new variety and H. cerca, except for the fact that the flowers of the new variety are almost twice the size; but the proportions of the differ- ent flower parts are exactly the same in both. Flowers with cream coloured petals and lip are perhaps more numerous in the variety than in the type.
Otherwise the plant looks quite different from H. cerea. It grows up to a height of 45 cm. The inflorescence reaches 15 cm. and is up to 4 cm. broad. The flowers are arranged in 3-5 longitudinal parallel rows. The flowers of the inner rows look all one way, but those of the external rows stand almost at a right angle to the others, not being able to overcome the resistance of the coriaceous bracts.
It is strange that the type should grow on the First Tableland, not mixed with any specimens of ‘the variety, whilst the variety is found on the Third Tableland. The two Tablelands are divided from each other by a_ shallow valley not more than a 150 ft. deep. The soil and rain conditions as well as exposure are the same on both Tablelands.
18. Habenaria Heyneana Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. (1835) 820; Dalz. & Gibs Bombs Hi 268.) Waeht Hicit- 2 923-e looks s fa ah sDela vile orm kenem Ze Orchid. Gen. & Sp. i (1897) 375; Cke. 11, 719; Fischer Fl. Madras pt. vu (1928) 1471.—Platanthera Heyneana Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7044.—Habenaria glabra A Rich. in Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 2, xv, 75, t. 5, A.—H. subpubens A Rich. Woz tin. 2b) en lkoeveval, Onemicl Cea. Cs iso, 1 CUSMny Sols Islook, iio IIB 5 wl 148; Cke. 11, 720.—H, candida Dalz. in Kew. Journ. Bot. 1 (1850) 262; Dalz. é Gibs. 267.
We had united H. subpubens A. Rich. with H. Heyneana Lindl. some six years ago, but we did not feel confident to ‘publish the reduction, because we had not seen the material which had induced Hook. f. and Cooke to keep the two species distinct. It is true Hook. f. had already remarked in his FI. Brit. Ind. (vi, 149) when describing H. subpubens: ‘Very near H. Heyneana, and perhaps only a form of it, but more slender, leaves scattered linear 2-2 in., bases narrowed, bracts narrower, flowers white, lip very different, spur more slender, anther apiculate, glands of the pollinia approximate and even cohering oblong with recurved sides, stigmatic processes longer, adnate to the claw of the lip.’
Wight already seems to have felt the same difficulty in the text to Ic. 1708-04. Cooke 1. ec. did not decide the point and he was satisfied with adding to his description of H. subpubens: ‘Scarcely distinct from 4H. Heyneana.’
Tt was only in 1928 that Fischer when going through all the material relating to the two species for the preparation of pt. vili of Gambel’s Flora
REVISION. OF THE FLORA OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY — .28
of Madras, took the decisive step and reduced H. subpubens. ‘After a careful examination’ he says, ‘of a number of sheets I am unable to keep this, species separate from H. Heyneana Lindl. All the features cited as distinctive by the several authors who keep them apart vary considerably and in some cases the characters mentioned do not agree with the descriptions and figures. I could find no one constant distinguishing feature and must combine the two under the older name of Lindley.’ (Kew Bull. 1928, p. 284). Description: See Cke. 11, 719 and 720.—We cannot do better than add Tischer’s short characteristic taken from his key to the Madras Habenarias: Plant 16-37 cm. high. Leaves subimbricate, sheathing, ovate or linear, acute, 2-6 cm. Spike 5-10 cm. long. Bracts cucullate, acuminate, sheathing the secund flowers, lower 2.5 cm. long, smaller upwards. Sepals subequal, obtuse. Petals as long, narrower. Lip as long, 3-partite; side lobes linear, obtuse, usually shorter than the broader midlobe; spur subclavate, as long as or shorter than the beakless ovary. Locality: Konkan: (law, Dalzell); S. Konkan (Dalzell 78); Wary Country (Dalzell & Gibson).—W. Ghats: lLonavla (Hallberg 2650 !); Panchgani (Blatter & Hallberg B1687 !, Hallberg 26502 ! 26503 !, Blatter 1877 !); 8. Ghats (Stocks 12); Castle Rock (Sedgwick 2762 bis ! 4184 !); Tinai Ghat (Talbot 2520 ! Herb. Calc.).—Deccan: (Stocks 60); Karli (Jacquemont 619); Purandhar (Bhide- 1029 !).—S. M. Country: Dharwar (law); Londa (Spooner !).—N. Kanara: Sirsi (Dalzell); without locality (Talbot 2520 1). | Flowers: Aug. 1917 and 1918 (Castle Rock); Sept. 1884 (Lonavla); Nov. 1918 (Sirsi). : eetintee Oct. O20 Geanchigann): ay Distribution: Konkan, Deccan, 8. M. Country, Kanara, W. Ghats of Bombay and Madras Pres., 2,500-8,000 ft. Rees
19. Habenaria affinis Wight Ic. v, pt. 1 (1852) 13, t. 1707 (non Don); KraenzileeOnchidanGens como p Te (LS9M)) 324) Took. ts, 1h ble “vi, 149s Pram Beng. Pl. 1081; Cke. ii, 720; Haines Bot. Bih. & Or. 1157; Fischer Fl. Madras pt. vii (1928) 1471. ;
Description: Cke. 11, 720.—We -have not seen this species.
Locality: Deccan: Purandhar (Woodrow).—S. M. Country: Belgaum (Ritchie 17).
Distribution: Bengal, Bihar, Central India, Deccan, 8. M. Country, Nilgiri Hills, Anamalai Hills, Rampa Hills, 2,000-4,000 ft.
20. Habenaria ovalifolia Wight Ic. t. 1708 (non 1706); Fischer Fl. Madras, pu. VIII (928), 1471.
Locality: Konkan: Hillside of Kanari Caves, in dense forest common (McCann 1152 !); Hills west of Mulland, in dense forest (McCann 1314 !). -
Flowers: 15-9-29 (Kanari Caves); 11-8-29 (Hills W. of Mulland).
Fruit: 22-9-29 (Hills W. of Maulland).
21. Habenaria marginata Coleb. in Hook. Exot. Fl. (1825) t. 186; Grah. Cave e200 Dalz & (Gibs. Bombs Hil 268: Kraenzl Orchid: Gen: & “Sp. 1, (ISON) BOs aloo, fo IIB wi, Wee lien sere, ele MOBILE Cer amis = WPaLe Duthie in Anne Roy. Bot. Cale: ix, pt. 2184, t. 136; Fl) Upp. Gang.) Pi: in, 296; Haines Bot. Bih. & Or. 1157; Fischer Fl. Madras pt. vin (1928) 1471.— He jusijera, Hook. tf. FBI. vi, 147.
We have reduced H. fusifera Hook. f. following Fischer who has examined the type specimen in the Herb. Cale. and who is of opinion that it is identical with H. marginata Coleb.
Desernonon: Okage il, Wk :
Locality: Konkan: (Law, Dalzell); S. Konkan (Stocks 6);. Karanja (Dalzell & Gibson); Uran, in Bombay Harbour (Dalzell); Trombay (Hall- berg !); Boisar (Hallberg!); WVehar Lake (McCann!); Mulland (McCann !); S.-W. of Vehar Lake (McCann!).—Deccan: Junnar near Poona (Stocks) ; Poona (Hallberg!); Kharkala, Poona Dist. (Hallberg 26496!); Purandhar (Woodrow).—S. M. Country: Dharwar, common in dampish pasture land, usually in pure association of Vetiveria Lawsoni Blatter & McCann (Sedg- wick 6207 bis! 2800! 2674!)—N. Kanara: Near Karwar, grassland, sea level (Sedgwick 6727! 6543!); forest near Yellapur (Talbot!); Supa, wayside (Talbot !); Guddehalli, near Karwar (Sedgwick 5155 !).
24 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXVI
Distribution: W. Himalaya, from Kashmir to Kumaon, up to 7,000 ft., Bengal, Burma, Bihar, Mt. Abu, Bombay Pres., Madras Pres.: W. Ghats, 1,500-3,000 ft., Nallamalai Hulls at 1,500 ft.
Flowers: July 1917 (Dharwar); Aug. 1917 (Dharwar and Baisar); Sept. 1926 (Vehar Lake); Oct. 1919 (Karwar); Oct. 1882 (Yellapur); Oct. 1885 (Supa).
Forma flayescens Blatter & McCann.—Habenaria flavescens Hook. f. F.B.I. vi. 150; var. flavescens Th. Cooke Fl. Bomb. Pres. ii, 721.
Description. Cke- 1: ve:
Locality: Konkan (Law).
22. Habenaria Hallbergii* sp. nov. Blatter & McCann.
[Sect. Trimeroglossa. Similis Habenariae ovalifoliae Wight, sed recedit ab ea bracteis lanceolato-subulatis quam flores longioribus, calcare paullum curvato lineart turtuoso, aliquantulum compresso apice clavato, labelli lobis aequilongis, lateralibus anguste linearibus rigidis patentibus, glandulis angustis longissimis |.
Description: Stem stout, up to 30 cm. high. Leaves 4-5, clustered near the base, sessile, amplexicaul, sheathing with a stout midrib, large, 20 by 5 em., ovate-oblong, acuminate, many-nerved, glabrous. Several long- acuminate green appressed sheaths above, 4 by 2°5 cm., passing into bracts, with a decurrent midrib and slightly decurrent base, so that the stem is angular, especially below the spike, half amplexicaul. A smaller leaf about half way up the stem. Bracts 2:2 cm. by 1:8 mm., narrowly lanceolate- subulate, long-acuminate, with strongly decurrent midrib and _ base, over- topping the flower. One spike. Sepals green, ovate, obtuse, subequal in length, dorsal slightly broader, hooded, lateral spreading, all 3-nerved, with a narrow membranous margin, nerves ending before reaching the tip. Petals connivent with dorsal sepal and also at the tips with midlobe of lp, lp inflexed. Petals fleshy, yellowish green, 1l-nerved, subfalcately oblong, trun- cate or slightly emarginate at apex, base oblique. Lip fleshy, deeply 3-lobed; lateral lobes narrow linear, acute, stifi, spreading, slightly longer than the sepals; midlobe truncately obtuse at apex, subtriangular, with the base con- tracted, as long as side lobes, 4 by 2°5 mm. Spur greenish, longer than ovary, shghtly curved, linear and parallel to it in its upper part, twisted, slightly compressed and clavate in its lower, tip acute. Rostellum green, short but very conspicuous on account of the very large fleshy basal lobes. Connective slightly emarginate, green, cells distinct, membranous, basal folds short. Pollinia yellow with large grains, long-stalked, stalk naked (on account of the short anther-tubes); gland very long and narrow, situated on the inner surface of the basal lobes of the rostellum in channels pointing parallel to the axis of the flower; the stalk is attached to the outer part of the gland, but leaving a small free end visible from outside. Stigmatic lobes ereenish, clavate, not much longer than the basal lobes of the rostellum; between them at the base above mouth of spur a small caruncle not closing the narrow opening.
The stalk of the pollinia is articulated with the gland so that, when released, the pollinia spring forward, the stalk taking its position along the longer (inner) end of the gland. An insect intruding its head between the rostellar arms would get the glands attached along the sides of its head and thorax parallel with its body, while the pollinia point straight forward. |
Locality: W. Ghats: Khandala, in ravine (Hallberg! in Herb. St. X.C. type).—Also in Salsette, Konkan (Hallberg !).
In bud: July.
In flower: August.
23. Habenaria viridiflora R. Br. Prodr. 312 Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. S19 Wachee ats leiOo.
Var. Dalzellii Hook. f. F.B.I. vi (1890) 150; Cke. u, 721.—Coeloglossum luteum Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. 11 (1850) 268; Dalz. & Gibs. 269.
Description: Cke. 1.c.
Locality: Konkan (Stocks 36); Malwan (Dalzell & Gibson).—We have never seen this species; seems to be very rare.
* Named after the late Prof. F. H. Halberg for many years our colleague,
REVISION OF THE FLORA OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY — 25
94. Habenaria crassifolia A. Rich. in Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 2, xv (1841), 72, ie Gy le Ikeneimal, Oreloncl, “Creal, Cs tyoe) GUST) Gaius Islojolicy tig Ie 1 A at 151; Cke. ii, 722; Fischer Fl. Madras pt. vi (1928) 1471.—Platanthera brachyphylla Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. (1835) 293; Wight Ic. t. 1694; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. FI. 269.
Description: Cke. 1.c.—In Panchgani specimens the leaves measure up to 7°5 cm., and the racemes up to 22°5 cm.
Locality: Konkan (Stocks, Law).—W. Ghats: Panchgani, Tiger Path and Fairy Spring (Blatter P72! 210!, McCann!); Mahableshwar (Cooke !, Hallberg B1688! 26500!, Sedgwick 7444 bis!, McCann !).—Deccan: Junnar Hill, near Poona (Stocks 77); Purandhar (Woodrow!, Bhide!); Singhar (Garade 57 !).
Distribution: Konkan, Deccan, W. Ghats, Nilgiri and Pulney Hills, 6,000-7,000 ft.
Flowers: Aug. 1925 (Panchgani); Sept. 1921 (Mahableshwar); Oct. 1920 (Mahableshwar).
25. Habenaria diphylla Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. 11 (1850) 262; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 268; Kraenzl. Orchid. Gen. & Sp. I (1897) 346; Hook. f. HSB vi, 15; Pram Beng. Pl 1031; Duthie in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc ik, Jobs 4 IG. G. ISis Oke, im, W225 Islannes “eon, lei, Cy Ores Isto Iiniselnese Ti. Madras pt. vii (1928) 1471.—H. Jerdoniana Wight Ic. t. 1715.—Liparis diphyllos Nimmo in Grah. Cat. Bomb. Pl. 252.
Locality: Konkan: (Stocks, Dalzell); 5. Konkan (Nimmo).—N. Kanara: (Law); Guddehalli (T. R. Bell 3042!, Talbot 1916!); Karwar (Talbot 586 !); Balikeri near Karwar (T. BR. Bell 7874 !).
Distribution: Outer ranges of W. Himalaya in Garhwal, eastwards to Bengal, Chota Nagpur, Orissa, Konkan, N. Kanara, W. Coast of Madras Pres. from Kanara to Travancore at low elevations.
Flowers: July 1882 (mear Karwar); Aug. 1882, 1886, 1889, 1920 (near Karwar); Sept. 1917 (N. Kanara).
SUMMARY
Cooke has mentioned 75 species of Orchids indigenous in the Bombay Presidency, classed under 31 genera.
In the preceding articles 7 genera have been added not known in the Presidency before: Desmotrichum, Pachystoma, Calanthe, Chilochista, Sacco- labium, Epipogum and Tropidia; of species 20 have been observed for the first. time in our area.
Owing chiefly to assiduous collecting in N. Kanara over a period of many years and careful notes by Mr. T. R. D. Bell, late Chief Conservator of Forests, Bombay Presidency, and helped by beautiful paintings by Miss Evan- geline Bell, we have been able to describe 29 new species. Thus bringing up the total number of Bombay Orchids to 124, belonging to 387 genera. We must not forget to mention our friend the late Professor F. Hallberg to whom we have to be grateful for many valuable observations and suggestions.
We subjoin at the end a list of all the genera adopted in our paper, each with the reference to the volume and page in our series.
Key to all the genera of Bombay Orchids. (after Cooke). A. Pollinia waxy I. Pollinia 4 1. Leaves equitant an ee Es 1. Oberonia. 2. Leaves not equitant a. Terrestrial or epiphytic herbs. Leaves membranous, usually sessile. Inflore- scence terminal. Flowers rather small, in racemes or spikes. Column prolonged below into a foot
* Lip with basal auricles. Column very short with broad arms. Ter- restrial 2. Microstylis.
** Lip without basal auricles. Column long with callosities or wings, or both. Rostellum sometimes double. Terrestrial or epiphytic poe On eaparas.
26 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOHN, Wl. SOE
b. Epiphytic herbs. Leaves chartaceous or coriaceous. Column more or less pro- longed below into a foot * Stems solitary or caespitose or com-
posed of discrete pseudobulbs basally attached on a short or long rhizome § Flowers from the stems or pseu- dobulbs, terminal or axillary, solitary, or on short few-flower- ed peduncles or in few- or many- flowered racemes, usually large and showy + Rhizome short, stemless with a single pseudobulb or pseudobulbs plurinodal ++ Rhizome long, annulate, stem nodose, bearing uninodal pseudobulbs ae §§ Flowers from lateral scapes rising from the base of the pseudobulbs, or from the rhi- zome between them, solitary or in heads, umbels or racemes {| Lateral sepals alongside or
under the lip. Flowers racemose or spicate or um- bellate
++ Lateral sepals spreading.
Scape 1-flowered ane
** Stems jointed, composed of elong-
ated pseudobulbs strung on a
woody core. [Flowers in racemes
*** Stemless tufted herbs. No pseudo- bulbs. Flowers in panicles
ie -Pollimaa8:
1. Hpiphytic pseudobulbous herbs, usually small. Inflorescence lateral or termi- nal, racemose or capitate. Flowers with a mentum. Column _ prolonged below into a foot. Lip incumbent on the foot of the column
a. Sepals connivent at the base, all or the lateral only connate. Pseudobulbs small, discoid, reticulate ae 5
b. Sepals and petals free. Pseudobulbs not discoid ser Ror oe
2. Terrestrial herbs; rhizome nodose :
3. Epiphytic or terrestrial herbs. Stems not pseudobulbous, slender or equally thickened along their whole length. Leaves distichous bel NEE
4. Terrestrial herbs, often pseudobulbous With) wan short sor stall) = leatve stem. Leaves plaited. Flowers usually pale or dark purple ahi oa
IO; Jeolllhumey
1. Stem pseudobulbous or tuberous at the base
a. Terrestrial herbs. Flowers in peduncu- late racemes. Leaves plicate * lip distinctly 3-lobed, saccate or
spurred at the base. Inflorescence strict
se
IO?
iL, We
13.
14,
Dendrobium. -
Desmotrichum.
Bulbophyllum.
Trias.
Pholidota. -
Josephia.
Porpax.
ria. Pachystoma.
Thunia.
Calanthe.
Hulophiq,
REVISION OF “THE FLORA OF
** Lip obscurely 38-lobed, wide ventri- cose, but not spurred at the base. Inflorescence at first decurved
b. Hpiphytic herbs with long linear sheath- ing leaves on usually a large fleshy pseudobulb. Lobes of the lip embrac- ing the unwinged column
2. Stem not pseudobulbous nor tuberous at the base
a. Column prolonged into a foot
* Spur erect or parallel to the blade of the lip, pointing forwards; lip adnate to the produced foot of the column; side lobes of lip erect; foot of column long :
** Spur saccate. Lip movable on the LOOPemsidem lobes | OL lip. erect: Column very short
“** Spur saccate, laterally compressed. Side lobes of Lp 0; foot of column small sat Ses Ss
**** Spur conical, usually more or less elongated, erect or curved under the midlobe of the ne foot . of column large
b. Column not prolonged into a “foot
* Tip not spurred nor saccate § Leaves terete. Flowers in short
spikes. Caudicle of pollinia broad ath aa Sor §§ Leaves __ lorate: Flowers in racemes with very long simple
or branched peduncles. Caudicle of pollinia long, narrow ** Tip spurred or saccate
§ Side lobes of hp large. Flowers
large $$ Side lobes of lip small or 0 + Spurs 2, collateral
++ Spur or sac single { Spur not septate (1 Spur septate within {{ Spur naked within or with
within
calh on the front wall only oie B. Pollinia powdery or lamellate, never waxy
I. Anther terminal. Pollinia 2 or 4, cohering by their sides, without either gland or caudicle. Leaf solitary, mostly appearing
-after the flowers II. Anther posticous. Pollinia 2 1. Sepals narrow, free. Lip concave, sac- cate or shortly spurred at the base. Column short. lLeafless herbs 2.. Lateral sepals connate, forming a mentum. Lip sessile. Column short,
dense-flowered
3. Dorsal sepal and petals ‘together forming a hood. Lip sessile. Spike lax- or dense-flowered aoe sf ae
4. Sepals free, dorsal with the petals cohering in a hood. Column without appendages. Lip adnate to the base
of the column
IO.
IM
18.
WS),
mile
a
30.
33.
THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY
Geodorum.
Cymbidium.
Sarcochilus.
Chilochista.
Rhynchostylis.
Aerides.
2.: Luisia.
Cottonia.
Vanda. Diplocentrum.
Acampe. Sarcanthus.
Saccolabium.
Nervilia.
Epipogum.
Tropidia.
Spiranthes.
Zeuxine,
2
28 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL. HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXVI
5. Sepals connate to the middle into a tube 34. Cheirostylis.
III. Anther-cells sessile on the column, remote or contiguous, always discrete. Pollinia
4, sometimes %-partite
1. Sepals subequal and more or less con-
nivent
2. Sepals unequal, the lateral ones more or
less spreading
35. Peristylus.
a. Stigmas sessile or subsessile, confluent
or more or less distinct
b. Stigmas more or less distinctly stalked,
very rarely confluent
36. Platanthera.
37. Habenaria.
INDEX TO GENERA.
Acampe, vol. 35, p. 495. Aerides, vol. 35, p. 490. Bulbophyllum, vol. 35, p. 265. Calanthe, vol. 35, p. 485. Cheirostylis, vol. 35, p. 781. Chilochista, vol. 85, p. 488. Cottonia, vol. 85, p. 494. Cymbidium, vol. 35, p. 487. Dendrobium, vol. 35, p. 261. Desmotrichum, vol. 85, p. 265. Diplocentrum, vol. 85, p. 495. Epipogum, vol. 35, p. 729. IDG, WOle B05 joe BAO), Eulophia, vol. 35, p. 485. Geodorum, vol. 35, p. 487. Habenaria, vol. 36, p. 13. Josephia, vol. 35, p. 268. Liparis, vol. 35, p. 259. Luisia, vol. 35, p. 491.
Microstylis, vol. 35, p. 259. Nervilia, vol. 35, p. 723. Oberonia, vol. 35, p. 254. Pachystoma, vol. 35, p. 484. Peristylus, vol. 85, p. 733. Pholidota, vol. 35, p. 267. Platanthera, vol. 35, p. 736. Porpax, vol. 35, p. 268. Rhynchostylis, vol. 35, p. 490. Saccolabium, vol. 85, p. 722. Sarcanthus, vol. 35, p. 495. Sarcochilus, vol. 35, p. 488. Spiranthes, vol. 35, p. 730. Thunia, vol. 35, p. 484. Rios, Ol G5 je HOT. Tropidia, vol. 35, p. 780. Vanda, vol. 35, p. 494. Zeuxine, vol. 35, p. 73l.
(To be continued.)
GAME FISHES
OF BoMBAY, THE DECCAN AND THE NEIGHBOURING DISTRICTS OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. BY Sin REGINALD Spence, Kt., M.L.C., F.Z.S. AND So Jal, JemAmine, INE JbGs, Coils: (With 19 plates). INTRODUCTION
The present article is written as a help to anglers in the Bombay Presidency. It gives general information as to fishing localities in and around Bombay and indicates the common species of game fishes which live in our local waters. Its purpose is also to help the layman to recognise and identify his catches, and finally it suggests measures which will tend to the improvement of fishing in local waters.
Underlying this purpose there is the desire to carry the interest of the fisherman beyond the mere catching and landing of fish, to bring him ultimately to a stage where, knowing his fish, he desires to know something of its lfe and its habits and to understand and appreciate those factors which influence the lving creature within its particular environment.
The Zoologist has too often concentrated his study on dead Specimens in museums, or experimented with living creatures only in his laboratory. By these methods he has accumulated con- siderable data essential to the continuance and development of his researches. But the problem of Life which he seeks to unravel cannot be unravelled in the museum or laboratory alone. The Zoologist is therefore turning more and more from the museum to the field, and his greatest help now, as in the past, is the field naturalist who is able to appreciate the problems which require study, and who knows the most suitable and effective methods by which these problems can be approached.
An indication of the various phenomena affecting the hfe and characters of fishes or the methods of their interpretation, does not fall within the limited scope of the present article. Our object is rather to provide information which will be the means of devel- oping a wider interest in the subject and to obtain from anglers that assistance and co-operation which will increase our knowledge of the fresh-water fishes of India.
At the outset we acknowledge our indebtedness to Mr. I. V. Evans, a Vice-Patron of the Society and one of the original mem- bers of what was once the Western India Angling Association.
30 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL EIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXVI
Since his retirement many years ago Mr. Evans has continued his interest in Bombay. He has originated, or willingly lent his sup- port to, schemes which would tend to the improvement of its amenities. He has interested himself in various activities of the Society, helped it very substantially by numerous valuable contri- butions to its hbrary and by generous donations which have con- tributed very materially to the progress and development of the Natural History Section of the Prince of Wales’ Museum, where the Society’s collections are now exhibited. Among cther exhibits in the Museum, the public of Bombay are indebted to him for the fine series of cases and their range of models illustrating the Marine and Fresh-Water Fishes of India now on display in the Fish Gallery of the Museum.
The idea of the present article originated with Mr. Evans who supphed the notes to form its basis; who also very generously offered to provide the not inconsiderable sum of money required for the coloured illustrations. In view of this outlay the Editors believed that it would be advantageous considerably to extend the scope of the article until it reached its present form.
We have also to acknowledge the assistance received from various members of the Society, all of them men with much experience of fish and fishing round Bombay. Our thanks are due in particular to Major W. B. Trevenen, now Honorary Secretary of the C.P. Angling Association—an enthusiastic fisherman and field naturalist whose experience is always at the disposal of any- one interested in a sport which he has done and is doing so much to develop in this country and whose paper on Ms hing in the Deccan Lakes’ published in Volume xxx of this Journal has been of great help to fishermen in Poona. Information relative to fishing conditions in the waters about Jeatpuri was suppled to us by Lt.-Col. Sir George Willis—while the opportunities afforded by the rivers of Surat and Ahmedabad districts were indicated by Mr. P. H. Clark. To these gentlemen we offer our tribute of thanks and appreciation.
While the present work is mainly limited ie species which occur in the Bombay Presidency, it 1s hoped that it will also be found useful to anglers in other parts of India since the majority of species dealt with are found practically throughout the country.
ILLUSTRATIONS AND LITERATURE.
The illustrations of the Fishes have been produced in colours as giving more accurate knowledge of the various types than would be the case were the line- dr awings only published.
‘Unfortunately, fresh specimens of fish were not available to paint from, and our artist was compelled to rely on colour des- criptions as given by Day and other authorities.
We acknowledge our indebtedness to Lt.-Col. Thomas and’ to Messrs. L. Reeve & Co , Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, London, for permitting us to reproduce certain illustrations from the Rod in India, (Thomas; Ynd. edn. 1881) and the Fresh- Water Fishes of India by Capt. R. Bevan, 1877
The description of Fishes which follow are based mainly on
GAME FISHES OF BOMBAY AND NEIGHBOURING DISTRICTS 31
Day’s two Volumes on Fishes in the Fauna of British India series. The following is a list of literature consulted by us:—
Acimandolesa Neve DeSce oH AssuBe LOO) ew uline = taunanor certana Small Streams in the Bombay Presidency. Mecords of the Indian Museum, Vol. xvi, p. 156. :
Bhattacharya, A., 1915. Yank Angiing in India. (Thacker Spink & Co., Calcutta.)
Bevan, — liv, 12 Caioue, lke te Preshwater Mishes -of India. (Thacker Spink & Co., Calcutta.)
Dives ta lSS9.. he Hauna 207 British India, + (Hishes). 2 Vols. London.
Day, F., 1878-1888. The Fishes of India (Yexts and Plates). London.
Thomas, H. S., 1881. Rod m India, 2nd. edn. (Thacker Spink & Co., Calcutta.)
itonmastaty on OZ Hank nghingeine india. Zindex jedi W. S. Burke. (Thacker Spink & Co., Calcutta.)
iL
FisHING LOCALITIES IN AND AROUND BoMBAY
The opportunity for sport offered to anglers by the various irriga- tion lakes and reservoirs, rivers and streams in the immediate neighbourhood of Bombay and in the neighbouring districts has received httle attention from writers on this branch of sport.
There are three lakes in Salsette which. Island forms part of Greater Bombay. These are Tulsi, Powai and Vehar. Moderate sport may be had in the streams which flow from Powai and WVehar lakes or in the lakes themselves during the monsoon. Black Spot and Chilwa are fairly plentiful. One can bait’ with almost anything, worms, paste and coloured fly, in all cases using small hooks. Mr. EK. G. Edgley who has had considerable experi- ence of fishing in the local lakes and streams writes, ‘A typical day’s fishing in the streams or in Powai Lake is as follows—7 a.m. the fish rise well to a small spoon (about the size of a pea). They may rise well for an hour or two and you think: that you have taken all the fish in that particular stretch, but try a black or a red fly. The chances are that on a good day the fun will start all over again. If they do not favour a black or red fly, ring all the colour changes on them. A good day has rewarded me with 80-100 fish from 4 lb. to a few ounces. The best Chilwa I have seen, taken out near the Pump house, measured over 8 in.’
Fifty-five miles north of Bombay at the foot of the Western Ghats hes the Tansa Lake. It covers, when full, an area of 54 square miles and with Tulsi and Vehar provides the -water-supply of Bombay. There is a large lake at Bhiwandi 29 miles north of Bombay and 10 miles north of Thana, approached by the Agra Road.
Lake Beale, situated between Ghoti, the first station after Tgatpuri, and Asvali, the second station, is 17 miles in length.
39 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXVI
Thirty-four miles eastward of Igatpuri, close to Niphad station on the G.I.P. Railway, is a lower lake, fed by the waters of Lake Beale, conveyed by the River Darna. ‘Twenty-six miles south- ward otf Igatpuri lies Lake Arthur Hill formed by the great Bhan- daradara Dam.
In the Bhor Ghat area, there is the lake in the Andhra Valley, and in the neighbourhood of Lonavla the Shirvata Lake, the Walwan Lake (Lake Sydenham) and Lake Gostling. This last is dry except during the monsoon. Walwan, once an excellent resort for anglers, may now be very disappointing. It is the opinion of many who have had experience of this lake that it has been over-fished. A few years ago one could always come away with one or two 10 or 15 pounders. One fished from the dam. The bait used was paste made from bajiri and wheat flour. One had not to wait long for a strong pull. Good fishing could be had also from the boat with a rather dull spoon about 2 in. long. The best time was from 6 p.m. till 8 p.m.
At present the bait most used is an Indian concoction known as ‘“Budgas’ made from gram flour and available at most of the sweetmeat shops in the local bazar.
The most suitable tackle for fishing in Lake Shirvata is a dull spoon. If a boat is available troll fairly slow. If there is no boat walk up and down the dam trolling both ways. ‘There are plenty of fish, both Dobson’s Carp and Wallago.
In the neighbourhood of Poona, there is Lake Fife at Khadak- wasla. Within the Poona city limits there is that stretch of water on the Mutha-Mula River held up by the dam which is known as the Bund. There are certainly many big fish there, particularly in the backwaters of the Island, about a mile upstream. Fish which would scale quite as much as 50 lbs. may be seen turning over near the surface, but they are rarely caught. It is easier to catch the smaller fry. A regular course of baiting with eram has been suggested as a preliminary to taking the bigger fellows. Further down, a mile below the Bund, there is a drop in the river known as the Cavalry Falls. This is a good spot particularly after the rains when the larger fish have dropped down with the receding water. Big fish are found here also during the hot weather. A Mahseer (B. tor) weighing 25 lbs. and 2 others scaling 22 and 23 lbs. were taken at the spot recently, during the month of March. At Bhoopkeel, near Kirkee, a large pool, which teems with fish, is formed in the river. by a masonry dam, situated near the Ammunition Factory. Three miles north of Shelavadi Station on the Lonavla-Poona line and midway on the road between the station and the village of Dehu, near the ‘two-tree Temple’ there is the famous pool formed by the river Indrayani. The pool is sacred, and fishing im it is forbidden. It swarms with great fish which beat up the water and crowd _ to- gether to feed on the monkey nuts which people throw to them. Local belief has it that all the fish in the stream move to Alandi ten miles below when the annual fair is held there. It is possible that some such movement takes place owing to the food thrown into the river during the fair; as experience has shown that there
GAME FISHES OF BOMBAY AND NEIGHBOURING DISTRICTS 83
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always 1s a congregation of fish at the spot during the festival and very few at other seasons.
Lake Whiting at Bhartgarh, formed by the ‘Lloyd Dam’ and also the River Nira, which carries off its overflow, provide good sport. Spoon fishing is recommended here, particularly at the rocky runs of the river near “Ing’ two or three miles below the lake. A good time is just before the rains.
There is hardly a river of any importance in the Decean which is not crossed by at least one ancient or modern irrigation weir. On some of these there are many weirs, all of masonry, sometimes very lofty. Similarly, the tributary streams during the whole or part of the dry season are crossed by many little dams, usually built for the season only, of wattle, mats or mud and gravel, at times of good stone work. But the greater number of these are reduced to mere puddles, or entirely dry up during the hot weather. The best season for fishing in the Deccan Rivers is during the cold weather, as soon as possible after the rains, before the dry season has lasted too long, in which case the waters recede and become discoloured by pollution. Many of the rivers and streams are however now perennial as a result of dams, such as the Darna river, which is fed by Lake Beale, and the Pravara by Lake Arthur Hill. There are 14 miles of the Pravara river immediately below the dam which would make an ideal fishing river. Its waters hold Mahseer running from 20 to 25 lbs., also Chilwa and Murral. The scenery 1s wonderful. The main disadvantage is that it is 21 miles from the nearest railway station Ghoti, and 50 miles by road from Nasik. Chilwa have been taken with a small black fly in the Darna below the Lake Beale Dam, many of them exceeding 94+ ins. in length and weighing over 3 ounces. At the Darna Dam they give excellent sport with a light rod when but little water is being let down and the Mahseer fishing, except in pools with eram, is hopeless. The Darna also contains Barbus sarana run- ning up to about + Ib. and many of those tiny transparent perches which can be caught on midge flies. Wallago attu is common and runs very large as it does also in Lake Beale. It is unknown in Lake Arthur Hill and in the Pravara above Sangamner but is probably common below the latter place.
As regards the season for tanks, these can be fished as soon as the waters clear after the rains, but the best season of all is, at any rate for a certain number of them, during the hot weather up to the beginning of the high winds just before the monsoon, at which time all the best fish congregate towards the lower waters, and appear to be much more ready to take a bait. Lake Fife, at Khadakwasla, is a noted ex: ample of this fact. In some tanks, which have clean, hard and steep banks, such as Walwan at Lonavla, one can catch fish even during the monsoon, but they are in very poor condition then and full of spawn or milt, and should be left alone at that period. Major Trevenen gives the fol- lowing information as regards other localities in the Deccan and Southern Mahratta country :— ; 3
: R. Bhima, near Patas (40 miles from Poona on Poona-Shola- pur Road). Here a boat is required. There is a large deep pool
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34 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXVI
near Nangaw or ‘Nandgaon’ in which one should troll with a spoon 3 ins. long. The fish will also take paste.
fh. Gatprabha (Tributary of RK. Kistna). At Sutgatti, 17 umles from Belgaum, holds fish up to 20 lbs. Season is from after rains to end of January. Use a 24 ins. hog-back spoon with